2013年考研《英语》(一)终极突破卷一

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根据以下资料，回答下列各题：Directions：

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese．Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET．(10 points)

Annual check—ups and company “wellness programmes”have become a familiar part of the corporate landscape．(46)Companies are now also starting to touch on a potentially troubling area：their employees mental health．Companies as diverse as BT．Rolls Royce and Grant Thornton have introduced mental health programmes ranging from training managers to spot problems to rehabilitating those suffering breakdowns．

The Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health estimates that a sixth of the Bfitish workforce suffers from depression or stress．That mental ill health costs Bfitish employers almost$26 billion a year and American research suggests that“presenteeism”costs twice as much as absenteeism．Recently Grant Thornton sends its managers on a two day program put on by Positive Health Strategies，a London company．(47)Its program screens people forpsychological well being，and offers advice on“optimizing performance”and“staying positive under pressure”．Focusing on the upper ranks makes sense for companies．The stars not only represent huge profits．They are also most likely to live under stress while maintaining a stiff upper lip．But focusing on stars also makes sense for the mental wellness movement itself：the best way to insert yourself into a company’s DNA is to seduce its leadership．

(48)What should one make of the corporate world’s new found interest in promoting mental health?For sure，depression and anxiety can take a serious toll on productivity，and companies bear their share of the blame for promoting stress in the first place．And catching psychological problems early can prevent them from escalating．This all sounds promising．

But there are nevertheless several troubling aspects．

The first worry is that promoting psychological wellness crosses an important line between the public and the private，raising awkward questions．Should companies pry into people’s emotional lives?Can they be trusted with the information they gather?And should psychologically frail workers put their faith in people who work primarily for their employers rather than in their personal doctors?Workers rightly worry that companies will use psychological information in their annual appraisals． (49)And that bosses will see the trend as an excuse for extending their power over staff-using the veiled threat of somehow being classified as mentally impaired to make them obey，and conform．

A second worry is about the scientific foundations of the mental wellness movement．A phrase like“mental fitness”is bound to attract chalants and salesmen．Warren Bennis of the University of Southern California has noted that the new“science”of neuroleadership is “filled with banalities”．0ther people are less complimentary．The biggest problem with the movement lies in the assumption that promoting psychological wellness is as good as encouraging the physical sort．(50)Few would doubt that good physical health makes for good productivity；but it is not self-evident that a positive mental attitude is good for a worker or his output：history shows that misfits have contributed far more to creativity than perky optimists．Besides，curmudgeonliness is arguably a rational way to cope with an imperfect world，rather than a sign of mental maladjustment．Companies that chase the elusive“positive attitudes”may end up damaging themselves as well as sticking their noses where they have no business．

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Directions：

Write an essay of l60—200 words based Oil the following drawin9．In your essay，you should

1)describe the drawing briefly．

2)explain its intended meanin9，and then

3)give your comments．

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET．(20 points)

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Directions：

You live in a room in college which you share with another student．You find it very difficult to work there because your roommate always has friends visitin9．He／She has parties in the room and sometimes borrows your things without asking you．

Write a letter to the Accommodation Officer at the college and：

1)ask for a new room next term．

2)you would prefer a single room，

3)explain your reasons．

Write your letter in no less than l00 words．Write it neatly on the ANSWER SHEET．

Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter．Use“Zhang Wei”instead．

Don’t write the address．

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根据以下资料回答下列各 ：

In the following text．some sentences have been removed．For Questions 41—45， choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks．There are two extra choices，which do not fit in any of the blanks．Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET．(10 points)

Even if we could make it impossible for people to commit crimes，should we?Or would doing so improperly deprive people of their freedom?

This may sound like a fanciful concern，but it is an increasingly real one．The new federal transportation bill，for example，authorized funding for a program that seeks to prevent the crime of drunken driving not by raising public consciousness or issuing stiffer punishments—but by making the crime practically impossible to commit．(41)______ The Dadss program is part of a trend toward what I call the“perfect prevention”of crime：depriving people of the choice to commit an offense in the first place．The federal government’s Intelligent Transportation Systems program，which is creating technology to share data among vehicles and road infrastructure like traffic lights，could make it impossible for a driver to speed or run a red light．(42)______

Such technologies force US to reconcile two important interests．On one hand is society’s desire for safety and security．On the other hand is the individual’S right to act freely． Conventional crime prevention balances these interests by allowing individuals the freedom to commit crime，but punishing them if they do．

The perfect prevention of crime asks US to consider exactly how far individual freedom extends．Does freedom include a“right”to drive drunk．for instance?It is hard to imagine that it does．(43)______ 

For most familiar crimes(murder，robbery，rape，arson)，the law requires that the actor have some guilty state of mind，whether it is intent，recklessness or negligence．

(44)______ 

In such cases，using technology to prevent the crime entirely would not unduly burden individual freedom；it would simply be effective enforcement of the statute．Because there is no mental state required to be guilty of the offense，the government could require，for instance．that drug manufacturers apply a special tamper-proof coating to all pills，thus making the sale of tainted drugs practically impossible，without intruding on the thoughts of any future seller．

But because the government must not intrude on people’s thoughts，perfect prevention is a bad fit for most offenses．(45) ______ Even if this could be known，perhaps with the help of some sort of neurological scan，collecting such knowledge would violate an individual’s freedom of thought．

Perfect prevention is a politically attractive approach to crime prevention，and for strict— liability crimes it is permissible and may be good policy if implemented properly．But for most offenses，the threat to individual freedom is too great to justify this approach．This is not because people have a right to commit crimes；they do not．Rather，perfect prevention threatens our right to be free in our thoughts，even when those thoughts turn to crime．

According to Elise Claeson，gender identity________．

It seems that Ms．Henkel the gender equality situation in Sweden．

根据以下资料回答下列各 ：

Sweden has a longstanding reputation as an egalitarian country with a narrow gender  gap．But a national debate about gender equality has revealed substantial dissatisfaction，with some Swedes feeling it has gone too far．Rousing controversy now is the issue of gender pedagogy，a concept that emerged in the early 2000s and typically involves challenging gender stereotypes in learning material and in avoiding treating male and female pupils in a stereotypical manner．But what has sharpened the debate in Sweden has been the argument that schools should also be gender neutral，giving children the opportunity to define themselves as neither male nor female if they wish．

Kristina Henkel，a gender expeIrt specializing in equality in schools，disputes the argument that gender pedagogy and neutrality are being foisted on Swedes．“Sweden has a long tradition of working with equality and this has had strong support among politicians，”

she says，and adds that“the question of gender neutrality，or of everyone having equal rights despite their gender，has also been driven by activists at the grassroots level．”

But Elise Claeson，a columnist and a former equality expert at the Swedish

Confederation of Professions，disagrees．“I have long participated in debates with gender pedagogues and they act like an elite，”she says．“They tend to be well．educated．live in big cities，and have contacts in the media，and they clearly despise traditional people．”

Ms．Claeson has been a vocal critic of the word“hen，”a new，gender．neutral pronoun that was recently included in the online version of the National Encyclopedia．Around the same time，Sweden’s first gender—neutral children’s book was published．The author，Jesper  Lundqvist，uses hen throughout his book，completely avoiding han and hon，the Swedish words for him and her．

Claeson believes that the word hen can be harmful to young children because，she says，it can be confusing for them to receive contradicting messages about their genders in school，at home，and in society at large．“It is important to have your gender confirmed to you as a child．This does not limit children：it makes them confident about their identity．．．Children ought to be allowed to mature slowly and naturally．As adults we can choose to expand and change our gender identities．”

Last fall，nearly 200 teachers gathered in Stockholm to discuss how to avoid“traditional gender patterns”in schools．The conference was part of a research project run by the National Agency for Education and supported by the Delegation for Equality in Schools．“I work with these issues in Finland and Norway and it is clear to me that they have been inspired by the Swedish preschool—and school curricula，”says Ms．Henkel，the gender expert．But Henkel also insists that gender equality is a rights issue that cannot simply be left to the state to handle．Instead，she says，it requires the active involvement of citizens．

“Rights are not something we receive and then don’t have to fight for．This is about a redistribution of power，and for that，initiative and action are needed，not just fancy legislation．”

The problem that bothers Swedes most nowadays is________．

Which of the following statements about Paragraph 1 is true?

In paragraph 3，Elise Claeson mainly refutes the idea that________．

Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?

TwitterFacebook’s success in Japan．

We know from Paragraph 2 that Facebook didn’t gain in stant popularity in Japan because of_______．

It can be inferred from the passage that LinkedIn is

It seems that the author the gradual abolition of death penalty．

根据以下资料回答下列各 ：

It’s the part of the job that stock analyst Hiroshi Naya dislikes the most：phoning investor managers on a Saturday or Sunday when he’s working on a report and facing a deadline．In Japan，placing a work call to someone on the weekend“feels like entering someone’s house with your shoes on，”says Naya，chief analyst at Ichiyoshi Research Institute in Toky0．So last year，Naya started asking his questions via messages on Facebook．While a telephone call seems intrusive，he says，a Facebook message“feels more relaxed．”

Many Japanese have become fans of Mark Zuckerberg’s company in the past year．It’s taken a while：Even as Facebook took off in India，Indonesia，and other parts of Asia，it’s been a laggard in Japan since its local—language version debuted in 2008．The site faced cultural obstacles in a country where people historically haven’t been comfortable sharing personal information，or even their names，on the Internet．Homegrown rivals such as community website operator Mixi and online game portals such as DeNA allow their users to adopt pseudonyms．

The Japanese are overcoming their shyness，though．In February，Facebook had 13．5 million unique users，up from 6 million a year earlier．That puts Facebook in the N0．1 position in Japan for the first time，ahead of Twitter and onetime leader Mixi．“Facebook didn，t have a lot of traction in Japan for the longest time，”says Arvind Rajan，Asia—Pacific managing director for LinkedIn，which entered the Japanese market last October and hopes to emulate Facebook’s recent success．“They really did turn the corner，”he says．Rajan attributes the change in attitude to the March 11，20 11，earthquake and tsunami．During the crisis and its aftermath，sites such as Facebook helped parents and children locate each other and allowed people post and find reliable information．“The real—name case has been answered．”says Rajan．“People are getting it now．”

Japanese see Facebook as a powerful business t001．The real—name policy makes the site a good place to cultivate relationships with would_be partners．As more companies such as retailers Uniqlo and Muji turn to Facebook to reach Japanese consumers，the Silicon Valley company is benefiting from a virtuous cycle，says Koki Shiraishi，an analyst in Tokyo with Daiwa Securities Capital Markets．“It’s a chicken—and—egg thing：If everyone starts using it，then more people start using it．”

Which of the following statements is Not true according to the passage?

In the eyes of supporters for capital punishment，it is______that there are innocent people sentenced to death because of erroneous judgment．

The word“exonerate”is most closely in meaning to______．

In the author’s opinion，the real situation of racial equality in America is_______．

根据以下资料回答下列各 ：

California is having problems with its death penalty．It hasn’t executed anyone since 2006，when a federal court ruled that its method of lethal injection was improper and could cause excessive pain．The state spent five years coming up with a better method——and last month，a judge threw that one out t00．One indication of just how encumbered California’s capital—punishment system is：the prisoner who brought the latest lethal—injection challenge has been on death row for 24 years．

It isn’t just California．The Death Penalty Information Center reported last month that the number of new death sentences nationally was down sharply in 2011，dropping below 100 for the first time in decades．It also reported that executions were plummeting_______down 56％ since 1999．

There has long been an idea about how the death penalty would end in the U．S．：the Supreme Court would hand down a sweeping ruling saying it is unconstitutional in all cases．

But that is not what is happening．Instead of top—down abolition．we seem to be getting it from the bottom up-governors，state legislatures，judges and juries quietly deciding not to support capital punishment．New Jersey abolished its death penalty in 2007．New Mexico abolished its death penalty in 2009．There are now l6 states—0r about one—third of the country—that have abolished capital punishment．

There are several reasons we seem to be moving toward de facto abolition of the death penalty．A major one has been the growing number of prisoners on death row who have been exonerated——139 and counting since 1973，according to a list maintained by the Death Penalty Information Center．Even many people who support capital punishment in theory balk when they are confronted with clear evidence that innocent people are being sentenced to death．

The best title for this article perhaPs is_______．

The statistics in Paragraph 4 is cited by the author to illustrate that_______．

The new form. of segregation in Paragraph 3 means that______．

根据以下资料，回答下列各题：

Early this week a bit of cheery news was reported by the Manhattan Institute，a conservative think tank：black segregation has hit its lowest point in more than a century—declining in all 85 0f the nation’S largest metropolitan areas．Nevertheless，the report is largely celebratory in tone，and it has been received in that fashion by much of the news media．Before we break out the champagne，however，it may be wise to pause and reflect for a moment on who was excluded from the analysis．

Our nation’s prison population has more than quintupled(soaring from 300，000 in the mid．1970s to more than 2 million today)，due to a“get tough”movement and a war on drugs that has been waged almost exclusively in poor communities of color． Studies have consistently shown that people of color are no more likely to use or sell illegal drugs than whites，but a fierce drug war has been waged nonetheless，and harsh mandatory minimum sentences passed，leading to a prison—building boom unprecedented in world history．Despite this sea change，prisoners continue to be treated as nonentities in much sociological and economic analysis．

In the Manhattan Institute study，prisoners are not even mentioned，despite the fact that millions of poor people--——0verwhelmingly people of color —are removed from their communities and held in prisons，often hundreds of miles from home．Most new prison construction has occurred in predominately white，rural communities，and thus a new form. of segregation has emerged in recent years．Bars and walls keep hundreds of thousands away from mainstream society—a forE of apartheid unlike the world has even seen．If all of them suddenly returned，they would not be evenly throughout the nation’s population．Instead they would return to a relatively small number of communities defined by race and class，greatly intensifying the levels of segregation we see today．

Those who imagine that the failure to account for prisoners can’t possibly affect the analysis would be wise to consider the distortion of unemployment figures in recent years． According to Harvard professor Bruce Western， standard unemployment figures underestimate the true jobless rate by as much as 24 percentage points for less educated black men．In fact．during the l990s——the economic—boom years——noncollege black men were the only group that experienced a sharp increase in unemployment，a development directly traceable to the sudden explosion of the prison population． At the same time that unemployment rates were sinking to record low levels for the general population，the true jobless rate among noncollege black men soared to a staggering 42％

Prisoners do matter when analyzing the severity of racial inequality in the U．S．Yet because they are out of sight and out of mind，it is easy to imagine that we are making far more racial progress than we actually are．For now，let’s keep the cork in the bottle and pray that we will eventually awaken from our color—blind slumber to the persistent realities of race in America．

The news media’s response toward the research results announced by the Manhattan Institute is______．

根据以下资料，回答下列各题：

Millennials were ___1___ to be the next golden ticket for retailers．A 70 million consumers __2___between the ages of l8 and 34，this was the first generation of Americans to grow up with cell phones and the Web．Marketers could___3___them in numerous ways--tweets． Facebook pages--that were___4___when their boomer parents started out． “Marketers thought，‘Here come the Millennials，we’re going to have an awesome time selling to them，”says Max Lenderman，a director at ad agency Crispin Porter&Bogusky．“They were waiting for a____5__．Then comes the financial crisis，and all of a sudden the door has almost___6___in their face．”

No group was hit harder by the Great Recession than the Millennials．Their careers are___7___.They hold record levels of education debt． And an estimated 24 percent have had to move back home with parents at least once．

That bad news for the movie studios，clothing retailers，and home improvement chains that had hoped for better．Williams—Sonoma and Home Depot thrive on household formation——economist___8___for marrying，having kids，and buying a home—but many cash．strapped Gen Y-ers have put those modern rites of passage___9___ hold．Twenty percent of 18-to-34-year-old respondents in a recent Pew survey said they had lo marriage for financial reasons．While 22 percent put __11____ having a baby for similar reasons．

___12___this generation was always going to be a challenge． ___13___ into the Web，s endless information and choices，Millennials are pickier and___14 ___ brand loyal than their Darents．

___ 15 ___ before the recession they craved authentic products--for example．buying shoes from Toms Shoes，which donates a pair to poor children for every One it seIIs．The Millennial ___16___ is“buy less and do more，”says David Maddocks．“Boomers were about ___17___ ． whereas this generation is about having enough．”The ___18___ of the recession could make Gen Y even less acquisitive．

Gen Y’S___19___could eventually hurt the luxury market，too，says Pam Danziger， president of research firm Unity Marketing．She says a 25-year-old who shops at Gap typically trades up to Nordstrom(JWN)，Saks(SKS)，and perhaps Tiffany(TIF)decades later．But today，Danziger says，“We have a group of people who are seeking only to live within their__20__．”