2014年全国硕士研究生考试《英语》(一)真题

正确翻译为______．

正确翻译为______．

正确翻译为______．

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正确答案是_______.

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Musicmeans different things to different people and sometimes even different thingsto the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic,philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view,have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it ismetaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical:sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysicalmessage through physical means that is the strength of music. (46)It is alsothe reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do isarticulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.

Beethoven’simportance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature ofhis compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions ofharmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break allsigns of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in thelast piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by theweight of convention. (47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person, anda courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for theunderstanding, let alone the performance, of his works.

Thiscourageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers ofBeethoven’s music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, forexample in the use of dynamics. (48)Beethoven’s habit of increasing thevolume with an intense crescendo and then abruptly following it with a suddensoft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.

Beethovenwas a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was notinterested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior.and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society. (49)Especiallysignificant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with therights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thoughtand of personal expression.

Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos toorder as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order doesnot result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence;order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greekideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is notthe last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that sufferingdoes not have the last word. (50)One could interpret much of the work ofBeethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight itrenders life worth living.

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Write a letter of about 100 words to the president of your university,suggesting how to improve students’physical condition.

Youshould include the details you think necessary.

Youshould write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

Donot sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.

Donot write the address.(10 points)

Write an essay of 160-200 wordsbased on the following drawing. In your essay, you should

1) describe the drawing briefly,

2) interpret its intended meaning,and

3) give your comments.

You should write neatly on theANSWER SHEET(20 points)

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[A] Some archaeological sites have alwaysbeen easily observable—for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece, the pyramids of Gizain Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sitesare exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located bymeans of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident.Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterflyhunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztecartifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the1970s.

[B]In another case, American archaeologistsRene Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entirecity of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City. Atits peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements inthe world. The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornateceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where commonpeople lived.

[C] How do archaeologists know where tofind what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface ofthe ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) largeareas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information.Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding thelarger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.

[D] Surveys can cover a single largesettlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many researchers working aroundthe ancient Maya city of Copan, Honduras, have located hundreds of small ruralvillages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by makingsurveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution anddensity of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD500 and 850, when Copan collapsed.

[E] To find their sites, archaeologiststoday rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety ofhigh-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as differenttypes of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allowarchaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerialsurveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such asancient buildings or fields.

[F] Most archaeological sites, however, arediscovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searchescan take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of theEgyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun existed from information found in other sites.Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before helocated the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir ArthurEvan combed antique dealers’ stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching fortiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominatedGreece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans’s interpretations of these engravingseventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos (Knossós) on the island of Crete, in 1900.

[G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists topinpoint the places where digs will be successful. Most ground surveys involvea lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery.They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials atselected points across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buriedremains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording,and metal detectors. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and thelandscapes around sites. Two and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools inplanning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the resultsof archaeological research.

正确答案是_______.

Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

The author implies in Paragraph 5 that professors are

According to Paragraph 3, the report suggests

Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to

Text 4

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“The Heart of the Matter,” the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.

In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by “federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others” to “maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.” In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission’s 51 members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.

The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.

Unfortunately, despite 2? years in the making, "The Heart of the Matter" never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities. The commission ignores that for several decades Americas colleges and universities have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing “progressive,” or left-liberal propaganda.

Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets and self-reliance—as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.

The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform. by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.

The author believes that the now awards are

The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves

According to Paragraph 4,which of the following is true of the Nobels?

The critics think that the new awards will most benefit

Text 3

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The US$3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.

What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels, The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.

The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.

In this text, the author mainly discusses

The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive”partly because it

Hindrance to the reform. of the legal system originates from

Text 2

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Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?

What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?

To which of the following would the author most probably agree?

According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one feel

Text 1

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In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency” George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV, register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?

More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance. “Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not lookingto sign on.” he claimed. “We’re doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster.” Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”— protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.

Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.

But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency — permanent dependency if you can get it — supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase “jobseeker’s allowance” — invented in 1996 — is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker” who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,” conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at ￡71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.

George Osborne’s scheme was intended to

The phrase, “to sign on” (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably means

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