甲类船长阅读理解练习2(航海英语)

In the author's opinion，________．

________ is opposed to GOOD faith．

According to the classic definition，________ does not consist of not bringing to the affairs of another the care that persons who are the least careful and the most stupid would not fail to bring to their own affairs．

This passage is most likely extracted from ________．

材料：

It is nevertheless submitted that although recklessness and negligence are not easily distinguished，in the same way recklessness and willful misconduct are not easily distinguished. An argument can be made that intentional or reckless（as well as grossly negligent）quasi-deviations should be recognized，simply because COGSA does not exclude them．

Moreover，if there is fear that the sanctioning of reckless quasi-deviations will lead eventually to sanctioning merely negligent quasi-deviations，the Courts may turn to the classic definition of recklessness to distinguish it from negligence． 

Recklessness，or gross negligence，or culpable fault，consists of not bringing to the affairs of another the care that persons who are the least careful and the most stupid would not fail to bring to their own affairs．This fault is opposed to GOOD faith．In other words，there is a fundamental breach whenever there is gross negligence equivalent to culpable fault or recklessness． 

问题：

Reckless quasi-deviations and negligent quasi-deviations are ________．

________ is spanning 520m across the river，comprising ten rising sector gates，of which four main gates for navigation have a width of 61m and two subsidiary gates have a width of 35m．

For the London District Sea Pilots the upriver limit is ________．

材料：

The Port of London comprises the 147km of the tidal River Thames，and the enclosed dock system at Tilbury．The limits of the port are from Teddington to those territorial waters within a limit as follows：from Foulness Point（Essex）to Gunfleet old lighthouse to 51°26′36′′N，01°25′30′′E to Warden Point（Kent），excluded is any part of the port as defined in the Medway Ports Reorganisation Scheme 1968；River Lea or Bow Creek within the jurisdiction of the British Waterways Board；The Grand Union Canal and Regents Canal Dock．For London District River Pilots the upper limit is London Bridge and the down river limit is just below Gravesend. 

For the London District Sea Pilots the upriver limit is an imaginary line from the Sealink ferry pier at Gravesend to Tilbury Passenger Landing Stage and the lower limit is a line running from Felixstowe across the mouth of the Thames outside the GOODwin Sands to Folkestone． 

The Thames Barrier，built for the Greater London Council at Woolwich Reach to afford protection against tidal floods is now under control of the Thames Water Authority．It allows shipping to and from the upper areas of the Port of London to pass without restriction during periods of non-surge conditions．

Spanning 520m across the river，it comprises ten rising sector gates，of which four main gates for navigation have a width of 61m and two subsidiary gates have a width of 35m． 

问题：

 ________ does not belong to the Port of London．

The body of the deceased seaman was recovered by ________．

It can be concluded that the deceased seaman ________．

Of the following，________ is not correct．

材料：

In the early hours of a November morning，the fully laden 42，259gt Panamanian registered container vessel Ambassador Bridge was inbound to the English Channel，and had closed the south Devon coast to embark a pilot off Brixham． 

In preparing to embark the pilot at the port side pilot station situated some 4m above the waterline，a seaman was detailed off to rig the pilot ladder and stand by to receive him．He made a radio check with the bridge when he arrived，but when the bridge tried to contact him again as the pilot boat approached，there was no reply．An officer was sent down to investigate． 

The chief officer found the pilot door wide open，the ladder unrigged，water sloshing around the station deck，but no sign of the seaman detailed off to prepare the ladder for embarkation． 

The body of a man，later identified as the deceased seaman，was recovered from the sea some four hours later．He was not wearing a lifejacket．

问题：

This passage is likely extracted from ________．

________ shall not be admitted as general average．

The repairs ________ shall not be admitted as general average．

材料：

When a ship shall have entered a port or place of refuge or shall have returned to her port or place of loading in consequence of accident，sacrifice or other extraordinary circumstances which render that necessary for the common safety，the expenses of entering such port or place shall be admitted as general average；and when she shall have sailed thence with her original cargo，or a part of it，the corresponding expenses of leaving such port or place of refuge consequent upon such entry or return shall likewise be admitted as general average．

When a ship is at any port or place of refuge and is necessarily removed to another port or place because repairs cannot be carried out in the first port or place，the provisions of this Rule shall be applied to the second port or place as if it were a port or place of refuge and the cost of such removal including temporary repairs and towage shall be admitted as general average． 

The cost of handling on board or discharging cargo，fuel or stores whether at a port or place of loading，call or refuge，shall be admitted as general average，when the handling or discharge was necessary for the common safety or to enable damage to the ship caused by sacrifice or accident to be repaired，if the repairs were necessary for the safe prosecution of the voyage，except in cases where the damage to the ship is discovered at a port or place of loading or call without any accident or other extraordinary circumstances connected with such damage having taken place during the voyage． 

问题：

The cost of handling on board cargo for the purpose of restowage for the common safety shall be admitted as ________．

An unreasonable deviation must be committed by the master ________．

A geographic deviation due to an erroneous change of course by the master ________．

Where the court is unable to find that a defendant's action constituted “a voluntary deviation without reasonable cause，”________．

The lesson from this accident is that ________．

The situation was that ________．

材料：

Intention can be inferred in many ways by the courts．Thus the discharge at Cadiz instead of Bombay“for nefarious reasons”was an unreasonable deviation．A transshipment was declared to be an unreasonable deviation “since no excuse has been proffered for the deviation．” A geographic deviation abrogated the contract because“there can be no suggestion that the deviation was other than voluntary．” 

On the other hand，where the court was unable to find that a defendant's action constituted“a voluntary deviation without reasonable cause，” the defendant was exculpated of liability．The vast majority of decisions require that intention be proved in cases of deviation and quasi-deviation．The carrier has the burden of proving that it had no intention to deviate or that the deviation was not for the carrier's sole benefit． 

材料：

The tug Vegesack was towing a barge engaged in“stone-fishing”in the vicinity of the Beach End buoy in Harwich Channel．Tug and tow were part of a dredging programme．During the dredging contract，the practice was for the dredging craft，Vegesack，to nominate the passing side for vessels． 

The barge was difficult to control in tidal and traffic conditions，and the master needed to exercise considerable skill and anticipation，as well as having to liaise closely with VTS and passing vessels．The German master had been issued with a pilotage exemption certificate and had been operating in the channel for nearly two months before the incident． 

The ferry Dana Anglia was outbound from Harwich in daylight and GOOD visibility．When she was close to North Shelf buoy，VTS called Vegesack and agreed that Vegesack，who was in the middle of the channel，would move to the north side．This would enable both Dana Anglia and Bencomo，an inbound vessel currently passing No5 buoy，to pass to the south．VTS gave this passing information to the two vessels． 

While passing Platters buoy，Bencomo called Vegesack，requesting her to move to the north．Vegesack said she was going to move to the Harwich（or south）side，and instructed Bencomo to pass to the north．VTS then intervened and confirmed with Vegesack that she wanted both vessels to pass to the north．At this time，Dana Anglia was approaching North West Beach buoy and could see Vegesack heading south，in contravention to what she had been asked to do and had agreed. 

Vegesack then started turning to the north．Dana Anglia sounded her whistle and put her engines to full astern．Vegesack then passed close down the starboard side of Dana Anglia. 

问题：

Vegesack and her tow ________．

It is the ________ that has，in accordance with the practice，the right to determine which side to pass for both inbound and outbound vessels．

________ are/is not the master's responsibility defined and documented by the Company．

This passage is probably extracted from ________．

The overriding authority and the responsibility to make decisions with respect to safety and pollution prevention is on the part of ________．

材料：

The Company should establish a safety and environmental protection policy which describes how the objectives will be achieved．The Company should ensure that the policy is implemented and maintained at all levels of the organization both ship based as well as shore based． 

If the entity who is responsible for the operation of the ship is other than the owner，the owner must report the full name and details of such entity to the Administration．The Company should define and document the responsibility，authority and interrelation of all personnel who manage，perform. and verify work relating to and affecting safety and pollution prevention．The Company is responsible for ensuring that adequate resources and shore based support are provided to enable the designated person or persons to carry out their functions．To ensure the safe operation of each ship and to provide a link between the company and those on board，every company，as appropriate，should designate a person or persons ashore having direct access to the highest level of management． 

The responsibility and authority of the designated person or persons should include monitoring the safety and pollution prevention aspects of the operation of each ship and to ensure that adequate resources and shore based support are applied，as required． 

The Company should clearly define and document the master's responsibility with regard to：implementing the safety and environmental protection policy of the Company；motivating the crew in the observation of that policy；issuing appropriate orders and instructions in a clear and simple manner；verifying that specified requirements are observed；and reviewing the SMS and reporting its deficiencies to the shore based management． 

The Company should ensure that the SMS operating on board the ship contains a clear statement emphasizing the Master's authority．The Company should establish in the SMS that the master has the overriding authority and the responsibility to make decisions with respect to safety and pollution prevention and to request the Company's assistance as may be necessary． 

问题：

The Company should ensure that the policy is implemented and maintained at all levels of the organization both ship based as well as shore based．The ORGANIZATION refers to ________．

The lessen of this accident is that ________．

The grounding was caused by the reason of ________．

The vessel was refloated ________．

材料：

The 4，426gt Swedish vessel Skagern sailed for her next port，Strood，with a draught of 5.95m．The master soon realized，however，that he would not make the tide for berthing if he proceeded to the Medway as planned，to pick up the pilot at the North East Spit．He therefore decided to change the passage plan by shortening the distance and embarking his pilot at the Sunk light vessel．The officer on watch，2/O，was told to make the necessary adjustments and lay off the new courses． 

The 2/O made the original plan based on waypoints calculated and entered by another officer．These had been marked on the various charts and had already been entered into the GPS navigator．When he amended the passage plan he used the GPS to calculate a new course from a waypoint off Lowestoft direct to the Sunk pilot station．In doing so，he didn't realize he had missed out a pre-programmed waypoint in the GPS for a position to the east of the East Shipwash buoy．He didn't notice that his course line intersected the 5m depth contour to the west of the East Shipwash buoy． 

The master did not check the amended passage plan and Skagern continued with her passage．2/O came on watch again four hours before the vessel was due to arrive at the pilot station．One hour before arrival at the Sunk 2/O prepared to embark the pilot． 

He saw the North Shipwash buoy and passed about three cables to the east of it．Shortly afterwards he saw two more buoys ahead of him，the East Shipwash on his port bow and the North-West Shipwash on his starboard.It did not occur to him that anything might be wrong．Shortly afterwards，Skagern ran aground at a full speed of 14 knots．He had found the Shipwash Bank．