36-40题为定义判断。每道题先给出一个概念的定义，然后分别列出四种行为，要求你严格依据定义从中选出一个最符合或最不符合该定义的答案。注意：假设这个定义是正确的，不容置疑的。

替代性强化是班杜拉的社会学习理论中的一个概念，指一种榜样替代的强化。一般说来，学习者如果看到他人成功的行为、获得奖励的行为，就会增强产生同样行为的倾向；如果看到失败的行为、受到惩罚的行为，就会削弱或抑制发生这种行为的倾向。这样一来，对榜样行为的强化，通过学习者的观察、体验而可以转化为学习者自身的动机作用。根据上述定义，下列符合替代性强化规律的是( )。

认真阅读下面的材料，引出现象，写一篇不少于800字的文章，文题自拟。

现代管理科学中的“链条理论”认为，成功是由多个相互关联的环节构成的，就像一个环环相扣的链条。每一个环节都很坚韧，成功的可能性就大。反之，只要有一个环节脆弱，链条就会断裂，成功的可能等于零。

According to this passage,( )．

This passage most probably is( )．

The book mentioned in this passage is written for readers who( )．

Questions 61-65 are based on Passage Two:

 Passage Two

Science is a dominant theme in our culture．Since it touches almost every facet of our life, educated people need at least some acquaintance with its structure and operatiom They should also have an understanding of the subculture in which scientists live and the kinds of people they are, An understanding of general characteristics of science as well as specific scientific concepts is easier to attain if one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate the scientist．

This book is written for the intelligent student or lay person whose acquaintance with science is superficial; for the person who has been presented with science as a musty storehouse of dried facts; for the person who sees the chief objective of science as the production of gadgets; and for the person who views the scientist as some sort of magician． The book can be used to supplement a course in any science, to accompany any course that attempts to give an understanding of the modern world, or-independent of any course-simply to provide a better understanding of science．We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific attitudes and a more realistic view of what science is, who scientists are, and what they do． It will give them an awareness and understanding of the relationship between science and our culture and an appreciation of the roles science may play in our culture． In addition, readers may learn to appreciate the relationship between scientific views and some of the values and philosophies that are pervasive in our culture．

We have tried to present in this book an accurate and up-to-date picture of the scientific community and the people who populate it．That population has in recent years come to comprise more and more women．This increasing role of women in the scientific subculture is not an unique incident but, rather, part of the trend evident in all segments of society as more women enter traditionally male-dominated fields and make significant contributions． In discussing these changes and contributions, however, we are faced with a language that is implicitly sexist, one that uses male nouns or pronouns in referring to unspecified individuals．

To offset this built-in bias, we have adopted the policy of using plural nouns and pronouns whenever possible and, when a'bsolutely necessary, alternating he and she．This policy is far from being ideal, but it is at least an acknowledgment of the inadequacy of our language in treating half of the human race equally．

 We have also tried to make the book entertaining as well as informative,Our approach is usually informal． We feel, as do many other scientists, that we shouldn't take ourselves too seriously． As the reader may observe, we see science as a delightful pastime rather than as a grim and dreary way to earn a living．

We need to know something about the structure and operation of science because ( )．

Which do you think would be the best title for this passage? ( )

When the writer says,“This is not going to be put right overnight”, he means ( )．

We can learn from the text what the problem really matters is ( )．

Which of the following best describes the writer's idea? ( )