(12)是关于质量管理体系的一系列标准，有助于企业交付符合用户质量要求的产品。自标准实施之日起，至标准复审重新确认、修订或废止的时间，称为标准的有效期，我国在国家标准管理办法中规定，国家标准的有效期一般为(13)年。

 我国著作权法中对公民作品的发表权的保护期限是(14)。

 商业秘密是我国(15)保护的一项重要内容，它包括技术秘密和经营秘密两项基本内容。

某程序员利用他人已有的财务管理信息系统软件中所用的处理过程干口运算方法，为某企业开发出财务管理软件，则该程序员(16)。

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Pharming is a scamming practice in which malicious code is installed on a personal computer or server, misdirecting users to(71)fraudulent Web sites without their knowledge or consent. Pharming has been called "phishing without a lure".

 In phishing, the perpetrator sends out legitimate-(72)looking e-malls, appearing to come from some of the Web's most popular sites, in an effort to obtain personal and financial information from individual recipients. But in pharming, larger numbers of computer users can be(73)victimized because it is not necessary to target individuals one by one and no conscious action is required on the part of the victim. In one form. of pharming attack, code sent in an e-mail modifies local host files on a personal computer. The host files convert URLs into the number strings that the computer uses to access Web sites. A computer with a compromised host file will go to the fake Web site even if a user types in the correct Internet address or clicks on an affected(74)bookmark entry. Some spyware removal programs can correct the corruption, but it frequently recurs unless the user changes browsing.(75)habits.

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