I/O系统主要有三种方式来与主机交换数据，它们是(6)、(7)和(8)。其中(6)主要用软件方法来实现，CPU的效率低；(7)要有硬件和软件两部分来实现，它利用专门的电路向CPU中的控制器发出I/O服务请求，控制器则(9)转入执行相应的服务程序；(8)主要由硬件来实现，此时高速外设和内存之间进行数据交换(10)。

(81)

(79)

(80)

Flow control is a function that prevents network congestion by ensuring that(71)do not overwhelm(72)with data. There are three commonly used methods for handling network congestion.(73)is used by network devices to temporarily store bursts of excess data in memory until they can be processed. (74)are used by receiving devices to help prevent their buffers from overflowing.(75)is a flow -control scheme in which the source device requires an acknowledgment from the destination after a certain number of packets have been transmitted.

(78)

(76)

(75)

(73)

(74)

The purpose of the requirements definition phase is to produce a clear, complete, consistent, and testable (66) of the technical requirements for the software product.

 During the requirements definition phase, the requirements definition team uses an iterative process to expand a broad statement of the system requirements into a complete and detailed specification of each function that the software must perform. and each (67) that it must meet. The starting point is usually a set of high-level requirements from the (68) that describe the project or problem.

 In either case, the requirements definition team formulates an overall concept for the system and the defines (69) showing how the system will be operated, publishes the system and operation concept documents,and conducts a system concept review(SCR).

 Following the SCR, the team derives (70) requirements for the system from the highlevel requirements and the system operations concept. Using structured or object-oriented analysis, the team specifies the software functions and algorithms needed to satisfy each detailed requirements.