IPv4地址可以划分为{网络号，主机号}两部分。在下面的地址标记中，用0表示所有比特为0，用-1表示所有比特为1。以下选项中，(15)不能作为目标地址，(16)不能作为源地址，(17)只能用于本机测试，(18)用于内部网络。IPv6使用了更大的地址空间，每个地址占有128比特，为方便网络管理人员阅读和管理，采用(19)进制数加冒号的表示方法。

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Frame. Relay is simplified form. of(71), similar in principle to(72), in which synchronous, frames of data are routed to different destinations depending on header information . Packets are routed throught one or more Virtual Circuits known as(73). Most Virtual Circuits are(74),which means that the network provider sets up all DLCI connections at subscription time.(75)are also part of the Frame. Relay specification . They privide a link that only lasts only as long as the session.

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Networks can be interconnected by different devices．In the physical layer，networks can be connected by(66)or Hubs, which just move the bits from one network to an identical net-work. One layer up we find bridgas and swiehes, which operate at data link layer. They can accept(67), examine the MAC address, and forward the frames to a different network while doing minor protocol translation in the process. In the network layer, we have routers that can connect two netwoks. If two networks have(68)network layer, the router may be able to translate between the packet formats. In the transport layer we find transport gateway, which can interface between the two transport connections. Finally, in the application layer, application gateways translate message(69). As an example, gateways between Internet e-mail and X.400 e-mail must(70) the e-mail message and change various header fields.

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