国际标准化组织制定的OSI网络体系管理协议是(58)，另外，ISO还定义了5个管理功能域，(59)属于性能管理域。IAB制定的网络管理协议是SNMP，在SNMP管理框架中使用的管理信息库为(60)。管理站(Manager)通过GetRequest命令查询代理(Agent)中的管理信息库，如果代理需要向管理站报告一个异常事件，则代理发出(61)报文。(62)事件不属于异常事件。

(66)

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(63)

Frame. Relay is simplified form. of(71), similar in principle to(72), in which synchronous, frames of data are routed to different destinations depending on header information . Packets are routed throught one or more Virtual Circuits known as(73). Most Virtual Circuits are(74),which means that the network provider sets up all DLCI connections at subscription time.(75)are also part of the Frame. Relay specification . They privide a link that only lasts only as long as the session.

(61)

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Networks can be interconnected by different devices．In the physical layer，networks can be connected by(66)or Hubs, which just move the bits from one network to an identical net-work. One layer up we find bridgas and swiehes, which operate at data link layer. They can accept(67), examine the MAC address, and forward the frames to a different network while doing minor protocol translation in the process. In the network layer, we have routers that can connect two netwoks. If two networks have(68)network layer, the router may be able to translate between the packet formats. In the transport layer we find transport gateway, which can interface between the two transport connections. Finally, in the application layer, application gateways translate message(69). As an example, gateways between Internet e-mail and X.400 e-mail must(70) the e-mail message and change various header fields.

(58)