对于一个小型的软件开发项目,一个人就可以完成需求分析、设计、编码和测试工作。但随着软件项目规模的增大,需要有多人共同参与同一软件项目的工作。当几个人共同承担软件开发项目中的某一任务时,人与人之间必须通过交流来解决各自承担任务之间的(20)问题,即通信问题。通信需花费时间和代价,会引起软件错误(21),(22)软件生产率。如果一个软件开发小组有n人,每两个人之间都需要通信,则共有(23)条通信路径。假设一个人单独开发软件,生产率是5000行/人年,且在每条通信路径上耗费的工作量是250行/人年。若4个人组成一个小组共同开发软件,则小组中每个人的软件生产率为(24)。若小组有6名成员,则小组中每个成员的软件生产率为(25)。因此,有人提出,软件开发小组的规模不能太大,人数不能太多,一般在(26)人左右为宜。
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(88)
(87)
(85)
Because Web servers axe platform. and application(71), they can send or request data from legacy or external applications including databases. All replies, once converted into(72). mark-up language, can then be transmitted to a(73).Used in this way, Intranets can(74)lower desktop support costs, easy links with legacy applications and databases and,(75)all, ease of use.
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(83)
Prior to the UML, there was no clearleading(66)Ianguage. Users had to choose from among many similar modeling languages with minor differences in overall(67)power. Most of the modeling languages shared a set of commonly accepted concepts that are expressed slightly differently in various languages. This lack of(68)discouraged new users from entering the OO market and from doing OO modeling, without greatly expanding the power of modeling. Users longed for the industry to adopt one, or a very few, broadly supported modeling languages suitable for(69)usage.
Some Vendors were discouraged from entering the OO modeling area because of the need to support many similar, but slightly different, modeling languages. In particular, the supply of add-on tools has been depressed because small vendors cannot afford to support many different formats from many differem(70)modeling tools. It is important to the entire OO industry to encourage broadly based tools and vendors, as well as niche products that cater to the needs of specialized groups.
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