根据以下资料，回答下列各题：

Invention and innovation have been quintessentially American pursuits from the earliest days of the republic．Benjamin Franklin was a world—famous scientist and inventor．Cyrus McCormick and his harvester，Samuel F．B．Morse and the telegraph．Alexander Graham Bell and the telephone--the l9th century produced a string of inventors and their world—changing creations．And then there was the greatest of them all，Thomas Alva Edison．He came up with the crucial devices that would give birth to three enduring American industries：electrical power，recorded music and motion pictures．

Much of the world we live in today is a legacy of Edison and of his devotion to science and innovation．Edison taught us to invent，and for decades we were the best in the world．But today，more than l60 years after Edison’s birth，America is losing its scientific edge．A landmark report released in May by the National Science Board lays out the numbers：while U．S．investment in R&D as a share of total GDP has remained relatively constant since the mid一1980s at 2．7％．the federal share of R&D has been consistently declining--even as Asian nations like Japan and South Korea have rapidly increased that rati0．At the same time，American students seem to be losing interest in science．Only about one。third of U．S． bachelor’s degrees are in science or engineering now，compared with 63％in Japan and 53％ in China．

It’s ironic that nowhere is America’s position in science and technology more threatened than in the industry that Edison essentially invented：energy．Clean power could be to the 2 1 st century what aeronautics and the computer were to the 20th，but the U．S．is already falling behind．Meanwhile，Congress remains largely paralyzed．Though in May the House of Representatives was finally able to pass the$86 billion America Competes Reauthorization Act，which would double the budgets of the National Science Foundation(NSF)and Energy Department’s Office of Science，the bill’s fate is cloudy in the deadlocked Senate．“At this rate．．．we’ll be buying most of our wind generators and photovoltaic panels from other countries，”former NSF head Arden L．Bement said at a congressional hearing recently． “That’s what keeps me awake sometimes at night．”

Some erosion of the U．S．’s scientific dominance is inevitable in a globalized world and might not even be a bad thing．Tomorrow’s innovators could arise in Shanghai or Seoul or Bangalore．And Edison would counsel against panic--as he put it once，“Whatever setbacks America has encountered，it has always emerged as a stronger and more prosperous nation．”But the U．S．will inevitably decline unless we invest in the education and research necessary to maintain the American edge．The next generation of Edisons could be waiting．But unlesswe move quickly，they won’t have the tools they need to thrive．

The author mentioned many inventors in the first paragraph to_____.

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根据以下资料，回答下列各题：

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese．Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET．(10 points)

(46)Signs of American culture，ranging from fast food to Hollywood movies，can be seen around the world．But now anthropologists have discovered a far more troubling cultural export from the United States-stigma against fat people．

Negative perceptions about people who are overweight are becoming the cultural norm in many countries，according to a new report in the journal Current Anthropology．(47)Although some of the shift in thinking likely is explained by idealized slim body images promoted inAmerican advertising and Hollywood movies，the emergence of fat stigma around the world may also result from public health efforts to promote obesity as a disease and a worrisomethreat to a nation’s health．

Researchers from Arizona State University Dr．Brewis and her colleagues recently completed a multicountry study intended to give a snapshot of the international zeitgeist about weight and body image．(48)The researchers elicited answers of true or false to statementswith varying degrees of fat stigmatization．The fat stigma test included statements like，“People are overweight because they are lazy”and“Fat people are fated to be fat”．Usingmostly in person interviews，supplemented with questions posed over the Internet，they testedattitudes among 700 people in lo countries，territories and cities．

The findings were troubling．Dr．Brewis said she fully expected high levels of fat stigma toshow up in the“Anglosphere”countries，including the United States，England and NewZealand，as well as in body conscious Argentina．(49)But what she did not expect was how strongly people in the rest of the testing sites that have historically held more positive views of larger bodies，including Puerto Rico and American Samoa expressed negative attitudes about weight．The results，Dr．Brewis said，suggest a surprisingly rapid“globalization of fat stigma．”

To be sure，jokes and negative perceptions about weight have been around for ages．Butwhat appears to have changed most is the level of criticism and blame leveled at people who are overweight．(50)One reason may be that public health campaigns branding obesity as a disease are sometimes perceived as being critical of individuals rather than the environmental and social factors that lead to weight gain．“0f all the things we could be exporting to help people around the world，really negative body image and low self-esteem are not what we hope is going out with public health messaging．”Dr．Brewis said．

Dr．Brewis notes that far more study is needed to determine the extent of fat stigma and whether people were experiencing more social or workplace discrimination as a result of the growing fat stigma．“I think the next big question is whether it’s going to create a lot of new suffering where suffering didn’t exist before．”Dr．Brewis said．“I think it’s important that wethink about designing health messages around obesity that don’t exacerbate the problem．”

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Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following drawin9．．In your essay，

you should

1)describe the drawing briefly，

2)explain its intended meaning and then

3)suggest counter—measures．

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET．(20 points)

Directions：

Suppose that Jack，a friend of yours，has invited you to his birthday party，but you cannot go for some reasons．Write a letter to make an apology to him．

1)Give your suggestions，and explain the reasons，

2)Other recommendation．

You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET．Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter．Use“Zhang Wei”instead．Do not write your address．(10 points)

根据以下资料，回答下列各题：In the following text，some sentences have been removed．For questions 41 45．choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks．There are two extra choices，which do not fit in any of the blanks．Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET．(10 points)

It can be inferred from the passage that________．

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