Sporting activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behavior. Viewed biologically, the modem foot-bailer is in reality a member of a hunting group. His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football and his prey (猎物) into a goalmouth. If his aim is accurate and he scores a goal, he enjoys the hunter's triumph of killing his prey.

  To understand how this transformation has taken place we must briefly look back at our forefathers. They spent over a million years evolving as cooperative hunters. Their very survival depended on success in the hunting-field. Under this pressure their whole way of life, even their bodies, became greatly changed. They became chasers, runners, jumpers, aimers, throwers and prey-killers. They cooperated as skillful male-group attackers.

  Then about ten thousand years ago, after this immensely long period of hunting their food, they became farmers. Their improved intelligence, so vital to their old hunting life, was put to a new use--that of controlling and domesticating their prey. The hunt became Suddenly out of date. The food was there on the farms, awaiting their needs. The risks and uncertainties of the hunt were no longer essential for survival.

The author believes that sporting activities ______.

Daughter (in the kitchen): Shall I turn on the burner?

Mother: ______.I haven't finished peeling the potatoes.

Charles: What time are you leaving?

Brown: I'm going to try to leave by 10:00.

Charles: Take care and ______.

Brown: Goodbye.Hope to see you again next year.

Roger: Hurry up! We don't have much time left.

Dick: ______.We still have two hours.

Roger: Come on! This is my first time ever to take a plane, I don't want anything to go wrong.

Hairdresser: How would you like to do your hair today? The same style. as usual?

Mrs.Lee: I have a special party to attend tonight, and I'd like to change styles.

Hairdresser: Very well.You're not in a hurry, are you?

Mrs.Lee: No.______.

Clerk: Would you sign the register, please?

Mr.Woods: Sure.______, does my room have a private bath?

Clerk: Certainly.Every room in this hotel have a private bath.

Mr.Woods: I'd like a double room for tonight.

Clerk: ______?

Mr.Woods: Yes.I called you last week from New York.My name is George Woods.

Doctor: Have you lost weight recently, Mr.Bush?

Bush: No, doctor.Actually, ______.

Customer: Excuse me, sir.

Clerk: ______.

Customer: I'd like to cash a check.Would you please tell me which window should I go to?

Clerk: You can cash checks over there at window 6.

Patient: Excuse me, miss.I made an appointment to see Dr.Smith at 4 o'clock this afternoon.My name is Ralph Williams.

Nurse: Let me check, ...yes, Mr.Williams.______.You may go in now.

Cab driver: Here you are, sir.Queens Hotel.

Passenger: How much is it?

Cab driver: Three dollars and seventy-five cents.

Passenger: Here is four dollars.