While the meaning of a sentence is abstract, and decontextualized, the meaning of a(n) ________ is concrete, and context-dependent.

lingua franca

Of the two media of language, speech and writing, which is more basic in the view of modern linguistics? Explain the reasons.

What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? Explain them briefly.

illocutionary act

historical linguistics

semantics

branching nodes

linguistic lateralization

language transfer

International Phonetic Alphabet(IPA)