He backs up his pitch with facts. Numerous studies, including recent reports by the Center for the Study of Reading and the National Council of Teachers of English, confirm that reading to children builds vocabulary, stimulates imagination,stretches the attention span, nourishes emotional development, and introduces the textures and nuances of the English language. Reading aloud is, in essence, an advertisement for learning to read.'

Trelerse laments that elementary-school students are too often conditioned to associate reading with work. “We have concentrated so hard on teaching children how to read that we have forgotten to teach them to want to read," he says.

His audience is surprised to hear that only 22 percent of eighth-graders read for fun daily, while 65 percent watch three hours or more of television each day.Research also indicates that average reading proficiency drops when TV viewing reaches about three hours a day. Their parents' habits are no better: a recent survey shows a decline in newspaper readership among U.S. adults.

Lest there be any doubt about the stakes involved, Trelease makes a bold claim. Reading, he says, is the single most important social factor in American life today. “The more you read, the smarter you grow. The longer you stay in school,the more money you earn. The more you earn, the better your children will do in school. So if you hook a child with reading, you influence not only his future but also that of the next generation."

Trelease found his calling not because it spoke to his intellect, but because it nurtured his emotions. When his two children, Elizabeth and Jamie, were young,Trelease and his wife, Susan, fed them as many books as meals. “I read to my kids because my father had read to me," he says. “I just wanted them to have the good feelings I had had.”

26. an. aggressive speech aiming to persuade somebody (Para. 1)

27. excites the body or mind (Para. 1)

28. slight differences in meaning (Para. 1)

29. mentally influenced or trained (Para. 2)

30. the quality of great competence (Para.3)

31. a detailed critical examination of opinions (Para. 3)

32. for fear that (Para. 4)

33. more intelligent or sensible (Para.4)

34. helped something to develop (Para. 5)

35. gave food to a person (Para. 5)

Paragraph Ten

India's successively launching of its first nuclear submarine and aircraft carrier shows New Delhi's upgraded naval capability and its strong drive to dominate the Indian Ocean, observers say. The 37,500-ton aircraft carrier INS Vikrant will enter the water on Monday at Kochi shipyard in southern India, four years after its keel was laid.

Launches highlight India's sea a___ .

The public's fear of crime, including juvenile crime, is a major concern for policymakers. In California, and throughout the nation, nightly news programs often begin their broadcasts with accounts of violent crime committed by juveniles.(46.The Legislature and the Governor have enacted numerous laws to address the. public's concerns. about juvenile crime. Despite. these, efforts. Polls show that the public continues to see crime as one. of the most pressing problems in society)

In January 1994, we released our report Crime in California describing overall crime trends in the state. This report, while similar, focuses on juvenile crime trends and the juvenile justice system in California's juvenile justice system is different from the state's adult justice system. This is because society recognizes that many juveniles need to be treated differently from adults.(47.Generally. the juvenile system. emphasizes treatment and rehabilitation, while the adult system concentrates on punishment of offenders. The juvenile justice system also consists of a large number of nonlow enforcement agencies,) Social services agencies, schools, and community-based organizations all provide services to both juveniles at-risk" of committing crimes and to juveniles who have committed crimes.

Juvenile crime peaked in California in 1974 and then decreased through 1987.This decrease occurred at the same time as the proportion of juveniles in California's population was declining. Juvenile crime has increased since 1987. (48.It is. likely. that juvenile crime will continue to increase given the projected future increase in California's juvenile. population. In _order. to dress this growth in crime. Policymakers will have 10 pursue multiple strategies including prevention,intervention, suppression,and incarceration efforts)

(49.The juvenile justice system has evolved over the years. based on the premise that juveniles are different from adults and juveniles _who commit criminal acts. generally should be treated differently from adults.) Separate courts, detention facilities,e rules, procedures, and laws were created for juveniles with the intent to protect their welfare and rehabilitate them, while protecting public safety.

Under certain circumstances, youthful offenders can be tried either as juveniles or as adults. But even in these situations, their treatment is different from that of adults. (50. For example, a juvenile who is arrested for an "adult” offense can be adjudicated in either juvenile court or adult court; if convicted, he or she can be incarcerated in either a county or state correctional facility or left in the community and if incarcerated, he or she can be placed with either. other juveniles or adults.) In contrast, an adult charged with the same offense would be tried in an adult court; if convicted, he or she would be incarcerated by the state and would be housed with adults.

Juvenile offenders are generally placed in one of four legal categories depending primarily on the seriousness of the offense committed. Two of these categories (“criminal offenders" and “juveniles remanded to superior court") are for juveniles who have committed adult-like crimes. The other categories("informal probationers" and "status offenders") are for youths who have committed less serious offenses or offenses unique to juveniles, like curfew violations.

Paragraph Nine

Health experts have long noted the importance of physical activity. Exercises improve both your appearance and your health. Exercises help to reduce the risk of some diseases such as heart disease, stroke, type-two diabetes and even some kinds of cancer, Medical experts say some diseases can be reduced through normal exercises.

Physical exercises l___ to better health.

Paragraph Eight

Are people less happy or more happy the older they get? If you answered,more happy, then you were right based on a study in 2008. It found that people generally become happier and experience less worry after age fifty. In fact, it found that by the age of eighty-five, people are happier with their life than they were at eighteen.

The r___ between age and happiness.

Paragraph Seven

Women's soccer is becoming more popular around the world. But in most places, women still have less training and financial support than male players. A program held every summer in Berlin aims to improve opportunities for women. It brings soccer clubs from Africa and the Middle East to Germany for a week of games and discussions.

An i___ in the popularity of women's soccer.

Paragraph Six

Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket are popular places to visit, especially in the warmer months. Both are known for their sailing and sunsets and fun things to do. Martha's Vineyard is also known for its tall cliffs overlooking the Atlantic Ocean. The island is about 13 kilometers off the coast and is less than 260 square kilometers.

An i___ of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket.

Paragraph Five

The China-Japan Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1978 should be commemorated and followed well, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Hong Lei said Monday, The treaty defines the direction of China-Japan friendship from generation to generation, and consolidates the political foundation for the long-term development of bilateral relations, Hong said.

Japan should o_ _ the Treaty of Peace and Friendship

Paragraph Three

Many top universities now offer online classes. They teach everything from.computer programming to the science of cooking. Many classes are at little or no cost. They are restructured more often than traditional college programs. That's important to the millions of students who learn technical and other skills from Lynda.com.

The i___ of online classes on college programs

Paragraph Two

You make a meal to take to work and then you forget it. Has this ever happened to you? Or you see someone you know well but you cannot remember his name. Researchers of Alzheimer"s said they now have proof that self-reported minor memory loss sometimes led to greater mental problems six years later.

Memory d___ may be an early sign of Alzheimer's.

Paragraph Four

A French serviceman has been arrested on charges of having planned an aggressive action against a mosque in Lyon in southern France. Citing a statement of the interior ministry, the daily Le Parisien said the 23-year-old soldier, who was arrested on the airbase Lyon Mont Verdu, damaged a mosque with a Molotov cocktail last year.

France arrested a soldier over a mosque a___ .