Passage 6

Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage

In the 1950s, a collection of definitions of culture by A L. Kroeber produced 164 different ones that had appeared in wrings since 1700 The fest definition was proposed by Edward Taylor He said that "culture, or civilization is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society" The phrase "that complex whole" is the most longstanding feature of this proposition. Note tat two other features of Taylor's definition have not stood the test of time. First, most scholars now avoid the use of"man" to refer to all humans and instead use words such as humans" and "people." While you may argue that the word "man can be used to refer to all human beings, many studies indicate that this usage can be confusing. Second, most scholars no longer equate culture with civilization. The term civilization implies sense of "Highness versus no-civilized "lowness" and sets up a distinction placing "us" (civilized nations of Europe and North America) in a superior position to "Them" he other societies.

In contemporary theories of culture, there are two important definitions Clifford Geertz believes that culture consists of symbols, motivations, moods, and thoughts This definition focuses on people's perceptions, thoughts, and ideas, and does mot include behavior as a part of culture, Cultural materialist Marvin Harris states that a culture is the total socially acquired life-way or life-style of a group of people. It consist of the pattered repetitive ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that are characteristic of the members of a particular society or segment of society. The definition of culture used in this book follows Harris's more comprehensive approach.

The scholar who defined culture as a "complex whole" was__.

(66)

(67)

(65)

To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind is prone, no superhuman genus is requireD.A few simple rules will keep you, not from all error, but from silly error.

[(63)If the matter is one that can be settled by observation，make the observation yourself．] Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men， by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted.He did not do so because he thought he knew.[(64)Thinking that you know when in fact you don;t is a fatal mistake, to which we are all prone.] I believe myself that hedgehogs eat black beetles，because I have been told that they do； but if I were writing a book on the habits of hedgehogs，I should not commit myself untilI had seen one enjoying this unappetizing diet． Aristotle，however, was less cautious．Ancient and medieval authors knew all about unicorns and salamanders；not one of them thought it necessary to avoid dogmatic statements about them becausehe had never seen one of them.

Many matters，however, are less easily brought to the test of experience．[(65)If, like most of mankind，you have passionate convictions on many such matters there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own bias．][(66)If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that you are subconsciously aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do．]If some one maintains that two and two are five，or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know so little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction．The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way．Persecution is used in theology, not in arithmetic，because in arithmetic there is knowledge, but in theology there is only opinion．[(67)So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion，be on your guard； you will probably find，on examination，that your belief is going beyond what the evidence warrants．]

(From How to Avoid the Foolish Opinions)

(63)

(64)

in what ways is money income related to spouses' good health?

(60)

What are the two major parts in a stress-reducing mechanism? What are the stress-reducing behaviors which. may help spouses promote each other’s health?

(58)

(59)