Passage 5

Questions 21-25 are based on the following passage.

Ever since humans have inhabited the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech. When there is a language barrier, communication is accomplished through sign language in which motions stand for letters, words and ideas. Tourists, the deaf, and the mute have had to resort to this form of expression. Many of these symbols are very colorful and exact and can be used internationally; spelling, however, cannot.

Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A wink can be a way of flirting or indicating that the party is only joking. A nod signifies approval, while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction.

Other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in Braille (a system of raised dots read with the fingertips), signal flags, Morse code, and smoke signals. Road maps and picture signs also guide, warn and instruct people.

While verbalization is the most common form of language, other systems and techniques also express human thoughts and feelings.

(67)

(65)

(66)

(64)

What are the author's two major explanations for the relation between proximity and liking?

[(63)Learning together is a fruitful source of relationship between children and parents.]By playing together, parents learn more about their children and children learn more from their parents.[ (64)Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this co-operation.] Building-block toys and jigsaw puzzles and crosswords are good examples.

[(65)Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness and indulgence towards their children.] Some may be especially strict in money matters, others are severe over times of coming home at night, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness and well-being.

[(66)As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency is very_ important in parental teaching.]To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality.[ (67)Also, parents should realize that "example is better than precept".]

 (From Bringing Up Children)

(63)

(60)

(59)

What is the major finding of the classic study conducted by Festinger? And what does Festinger's study intend to confirm?

(58)