Passage 3

For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies-and other creatures - learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective reward, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的) “drives” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink of some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.

It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.

Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on” a display of lights - and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many three turns to one side.

Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.

37、According to the author, babies learn to do things which ______.

一旦有人跟你联系，就要回应。(once)

工业革命改变了整个英国的社会结构。(modify, structure)

供水条件的改善会给健康带来巨大的影响。 (water supply, have an effect on)

那个计划一开始就注定要失败。(be doomed to)

我怎么也意想不到那个时候他会突然出现。(pop up)

information privacy

阅读下面的短文，然后把划线的句子翻译成汉语。

(71)[Customer Relationship Management (CRM) provides your company with new ways of better understanding and serving your customer.] In July 1998, when Intel began taking orders over the Internet, it also premiered a new Web-based system to deliver confidential documents to its B2B direct customers. (72) [This service, known as Information Desk, along with other new Web-based information delivery services, has enabled the company and its direct, indirect and channel customers to work together more efficiently.] In Intel’s case, there were several reasons for deploying CRM, including: 

· With Web-based information delivery, everyone can get important information at the same time no matter where they are located.

 · (73) [The first release of Intel’s information delivery system slashed document delivery time from as much as two to three weeks to an average of three days. Now, it’s a matter of minutes.]

· Extend reach without adding staff. Intel has added services to upwards of 75,000 global resellers.

· (74) [As a result of getting confidential documents faster, three-fourths of Intel’s direct customer engineers shaved a week or more off their product development cycle.]

When it came to designing the system, Intel used best-of-breed, off-the-shelf applications and modified them to meet the needs of their customers. Indirect customers received an Electronic Design Kit (EDK) to help develop their own products and solutions.

(75) [And because CRM is a field in which new applications appear frequently, it was important to develop a flexible software architecture and an agile hardware nfrastructure.] Intel runs its CRM systems on dual and 4-way Intel-based servers, with back-end databases distributed over 8-way Intel-based servers. This gives the company a powerful, flexible and highly available infrastructure.

global marketplace

direct billing

legal counsel