value chain

在经历了15年漫长、艰苦的谈判之后，中国终于在2001年12月11日成为了世界贸易组织的正式成员。

尽管有很多好处，反向贸易可能是风险很大的事。

尽管公司的日常管理工作下放到跨国企业的子公司，但重要决策，如有关公司目标和新投资等都由母公司来决定。

国际贸易最初以商品贸易的形式出现，即在一国生产或制造商品而出口或进口到另一国进行消费或转售。

The freight system includes several distinct forms of transportation, called modes. The modes differ in terms of operating characteristics and capabilities, giving them comparative advantages and disadvantages. Each mode enjoys what might be called natural product provinces.

要么因为信用证金额过大，要么因为对开证行不完全信任，出口商有时可能需要保兑的信用证。

MFN means most-favored-nation which is a tariff treatment. It is bilaterally given and provides for the lowest tariff in the tariff code. It is important to understand that the term most-favored-nation gives the impression that the tariffs involved are the lowest, it is in fact not the cast. MFN is not really special but is just normal trading status. GSP(generalized system of preferences) establishes even lower tariffs than MFN.

Why is it necessary to have Incoterms?

What are the major factors that may influence the exchange rate?

What is the most common form of non-tariff barriers? Explain it in a few words.