2013年考研《英语》(一)终极突破卷二

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Directions：

Suppose that Jack，a friend of yours，has invited you to his birthday party，but you cannot go for some reasons．Write a letter to make an apology to him．

1)Give your suggestions，and explain the reasons，

2)Other recommendation．

You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET．Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter．Use“Zhang Wei”instead．Do not write your address．(10 points)

根据以下资料，回答下列各题：

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese．Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET．(10 points)

(46)Signs of American culture，ranging from fast food to Hollywood movies，can be seen around the world．But now anthropologists have discovered a far more troubling cultural export from the United States-stigma against fat people．

Negative perceptions about people who are overweight are becoming the cultural norm in many countries，according to a new report in the journal Current Anthropology．(47)Although some of the shift in thinking likely is explained by idealized slim body images promoted inAmerican advertising and Hollywood movies，the emergence of fat stigma around the world may also result from public health efforts to promote obesity as a disease and a worrisomethreat to a nation’s health．

Researchers from Arizona State University Dr．Brewis and her colleagues recently completed a multicountry study intended to give a snapshot of the international zeitgeist about weight and body image．(48)The researchers elicited answers of true or false to statementswith varying degrees of fat stigmatization．The fat stigma test included statements like，“People are overweight because they are lazy”and“Fat people are fated to be fat”．Usingmostly in person interviews，supplemented with questions posed over the Internet，they testedattitudes among 700 people in lo countries，territories and cities．

The findings were troubling．Dr．Brewis said she fully expected high levels of fat stigma toshow up in the“Anglosphere”countries，including the United States，England and NewZealand，as well as in body conscious Argentina．(49)But what she did not expect was how strongly people in the rest of the testing sites that have historically held more positive views of larger bodies，including Puerto Rico and American Samoa expressed negative attitudes about weight．The results，Dr．Brewis said，suggest a surprisingly rapid“globalization of fat stigma．”

To be sure，jokes and negative perceptions about weight have been around for ages．Butwhat appears to have changed most is the level of criticism and blame leveled at people who are overweight．(50)One reason may be that public health campaigns branding obesity as a disease are sometimes perceived as being critical of individuals rather than the environmental and social factors that lead to weight gain．“0f all the things we could be exporting to help people around the world，really negative body image and low self-esteem are not what we hope is going out with public health messaging．”Dr．Brewis said．

Dr．Brewis notes that far more study is needed to determine the extent of fat stigma and whether people were experiencing more social or workplace discrimination as a result of the growing fat stigma．“I think the next big question is whether it’s going to create a lot of new suffering where suffering didn’t exist before．”Dr．Brewis said．“I think it’s important that wethink about designing health messages around obesity that don’t exacerbate the problem．”

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Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following drawin9．．In your essay，

you should

1)describe the drawing briefly，

2)explain its intended meaning and then

3)suggest counter—measures．

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET．(20 points)

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根据以下资料，回答下列各题：In the following text，some sentences have been removed．For questions 41 45．choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks．There are two extra choices，which do not fit in any of the blanks．Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET．(10 points)

The aim of FDA’s regulation over opoids is to______．

It can be inferred from the passage that________．

The soaring number of death from drug poisoning is due to______．

The criteria for medicine grading in paragraph 2 is based on______．

根据以下资料，回答下列各题：

Humans have never lacked for ways to get wasted．The natural world is full of soothing but addictive leaves and fruits and fungi，and for centuries，science has added them to the pharmacopoeia to relieve the pain of patients．In the past two decades，that’s been especially true．As the Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations developed new policies to treat pain more actively，approaching it not just as an unfortunate side effect of illness but as a fifth vital sign，along with temperature，heart rate，respiratory rate and blood pressure.a bounty of new opoids(鸦片类药物)has rolled off Big Pharma’s production line．

There was fentanyl，a synthetic opioid around since the l960s that went into wide use as a treatment for cancer pain in the l990s．That was followed by Oxycodone，a short-acting drug for more routine pain，and after that came Oxycontin，a 12-hour formulation of the same powerful pill．Finally came hydrocodone．The government considers hydrocodone aSchedule III drug--one with a“moderate or low”risk of dependency，as opposed to Schedule Il’s，which carry a“severe”risk．Physicians must submit a written prescription for Schedule II drugs；for Schedule IIl’s，they just phone the pharmacy．(Schedule I substances are drugs like heroin that are never prescribed．)For patients，that wealth of choices spelled danger．

The result has hardly been surprising．Since 1990，there has been a tenfold increase inprescriptions for opioids in the U．S．，according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDCP)．In l990 there were barely 6．000 deaths from accidental drug poisoning in the U．S．By 2007 that number had nearly quintupled to 27，658．

Health officials do not tease out which drug is responsible for every death。and it’s not always possible．“There may be lots of drugs on board，”says Cathy Barber，director of the Injury Control Research Center at the Harvard School of Public Health．“Is it the opioid that caused the death?Or is it the combination of opioid，benzodiazepine and a cocktail the person had?”Still，most experts agree that nothing but the exploding availability of opioids could be behind the exploding rate of death．

Despite such heavy death toll，the suivellance over these popular pills faces regulatory maze．In early 2009，the FDA announced that it was initiating a“risk．evaluation and mitigation strategy”．The regulations the FDA is empowered to issue include requiring manufacturers to provide better information to patients and doctors，requiring doctors to meet certain educational criteria before writing opioid prescriptions and limiting the number of docs and pharmacies allowed to prescribe or dispense the drugs．“And with all that．”warns Dr．John Jenkins，director of the FDA’s Office of New Drugs，“we do still have to make sure patients have access to drugs they need．”Any regulations the FDA does impose won’t be announced until 2011 at the earliest and could take a year or more to roll out．That leaves millions of people continuing to fiU prescriptions．tens of thousands per year dying and patients in genuine pain wondering when a needed medication will relieve their suffering--and when it could lead to something worse．

Opoids are drugs______．

The main purpose of this passage is to_____．

Which of the following statements the author may agree with?

According to paragraph 2，which of the following decreasessince the mid-1980s?

It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that US congress is_____global developing trend．

The best title for this passage is_______．

根据以下资料，回答下列各题：

Invention and innovation have been quintessentially American pursuits from the earliest days of the republic．Benjamin Franklin was a world—famous scientist and inventor．Cyrus McCormick and his harvester，Samuel F．B．Morse and the telegraph．Alexander Graham Bell and the telephone--the l9th century produced a string of inventors and their world—changing creations．And then there was the greatest of them all，Thomas Alva Edison．He came up with the crucial devices that would give birth to three enduring American industries：electrical power，recorded music and motion pictures．

Much of the world we live in today is a legacy of Edison and of his devotion to science and innovation．Edison taught us to invent，and for decades we were the best in the world．But today，more than l60 years after Edison’s birth，America is losing its scientific edge．A landmark report released in May by the National Science Board lays out the numbers：while U．S．investment in R&D as a share of total GDP has remained relatively constant since the mid一1980s at 2．7％．the federal share of R&D has been consistently declining--even as Asian nations like Japan and South Korea have rapidly increased that rati0．At the same time，American students seem to be losing interest in science．Only about one。third of U．S． bachelor’s degrees are in science or engineering now，compared with 63％in Japan and 53％ in China．

It’s ironic that nowhere is America’s position in science and technology more threatened than in the industry that Edison essentially invented：energy．Clean power could be to the 2 1 st century what aeronautics and the computer were to the 20th，but the U．S．is already falling behind．Meanwhile，Congress remains largely paralyzed．Though in May the House of Representatives was finally able to pass the$86 billion America Competes Reauthorization Act，which would double the budgets of the National Science Foundation(NSF)and Energy Department’s Office of Science，the bill’s fate is cloudy in the deadlocked Senate．“At this rate．．．we’ll be buying most of our wind generators and photovoltaic panels from other countries，”former NSF head Arden L．Bement said at a congressional hearing recently． “That’s what keeps me awake sometimes at night．”

Some erosion of the U．S．’s scientific dominance is inevitable in a globalized world and might not even be a bad thing．Tomorrow’s innovators could arise in Shanghai or Seoul or Bangalore．And Edison would counsel against panic--as he put it once，“Whatever setbacks America has encountered，it has always emerged as a stronger and more prosperous nation．”But the U．S．will inevitably decline unless we invest in the education and research necessary to maintain the American edge．The next generation of Edisons could be waiting．But unlesswe move quickly，they won’t have the tools they need to thrive．

The author mentioned many inventors in the first paragraph to_____.

It is implied in this passage that to protect shark from extinction，the most important thing to do is_______．

Some fishmen land the fins separately from the carcasses in order to_______．

It can be inferred from the passage that_______．

It can be inferred from the text that ad—men in l960s are more happy than office workerstoday mainly because______．

根据以下资料，回答下列各题：

The first time I tried shark—fin soup was at Time Warner’s annual dinner in Hong Kong．Shark_fin soup is a luxury item($100 bowl in some restaurants)in Hong Kong and Mainland China，its biggest consumers；it’s a dish that embodies east Asia’s intertwined notions of hospitality and keeping(or losing)“face”．“It’s like champagne”，says Alvin Leung，owner of Be Innovation，a Cantonese restaurant in Hong Kong．“You don’t open a bottle of Coke to celebrate．It’s a ritual．”

Unfortunately，this gesture of hospitality comes with a price tag much bigger than that$ 100 bowl．All told，up t0 70 million sharks are killed annually for the trade，despite the fact that 30％of shark species are threatened with extinction．“Sharks have made it through multiple mass extinctions on our planet，”says Matt Rand，director of Pew’s Global Shark Conservation division．“Now many species are going to go the way of the dinosaur--for a bowl of soup．”

The shark—fin industry has gained notoriety in recent years not just because of what it’s doing to the global shark population but also because of what’s known as finning—the practice of catching a shark，removing its fins and dumping the animal back into the sea． While a pound of shark fin can go for up to$300，most shark meat isn’t particularly valuable，and it takes up freezer space and weight on fishing boats．Today，finning is illegal in the waters of the E．U．，the U．S．and Australia，among others；boats are required to carry a certain ratio of fins to carcasses(尸体)to prevent massive overfishing．But there are loopholes in antifinning laws that are easy to exploit．In the E．U．，for example，ships can land the fins separately from the carcasses，making the job of monitoring the weight ratio nearly impossible．In the U．S．，a boat found carrying nearly 65，000 1b．(30，000 kg)of illegal shark fms won a court case because it was registered as a cargo vessel，which current U．S．finning laws do not cover.

Sharks populations can’t withstand commercial fishing the way more fertile marine species can．Unlike other fish harvested from the wild，sharks grow slowly．They don’t reach sexual maturity until later in life—the female great white，for example，at 12 to 14 years—and when they do．they have comparatively few offspring at a time，unlike，say，tunas，which release millions of eggs when they spawn．

The shark’s plight is starting to be weighed against the delicacy’s cultural value．The conservation group has lobbied local restaurants that offer the classic nine—course banquet served at Cantonese weddings．of which shark fin is traditionally a part，to offer a n0—shark menu as a choice to couples．

The restriction on smoking and drinking reflects company’s_______．

Which of the following statements can Not be inferred from paragraphs 3 and 4 ？

By citing Wal-mart’s example，the author intends to_____．

根据以下资料，回答下列各题：

One of the many pleasures of watching Mad Men，a television drama about the advertising industry in the early 1960s，is examining the ways in which office life has changed over the years．One obvious change makes people feel good about themselves：they no longer treat women as second—class citizens．But the other obvious change makes them feel a bit more uneasy：they have lost the art of enjoying themselves at work．

The ad—men in those days eaioyed simple pleasures．They puffed away at their desks．They drank throughout the day．They had affairs with their colleagues．They socialised not in order to bond，but in order to get drunk．Nowadays many companies are obsessed with fun． Software firms in Silicon Valley have installed rock—climbing walls in their reception areas and put inflatable animals in their offices．Wal-Mart orders its cashiers to smile at all and sundry． The cult of fun has spread like some disgusting haemorrhagic disease．

This cult of fun is driven by three of the most popular management fads of the moment： empowerment．engagement and creativity．Many companies pride themselves on devolving

power to front-line workers．But surveys show that only 20％of workers are“fully engaged with their．iob”．Even fewer are creative．Managers hope that“fun”will magically make workers more engaged and creative．But the problem is that as soon as fun becomes part of a corporate strategy it ceases to be fun and becomes its opposite-at best an empty shell and at worst a tiresome imposition．

The most unpleasant thing about the fashion for fun is that it is mixed with a large dose of Dressure．Boston Pizza encourages workers to send“golden bananas”to colleagues who are“having fun while being the best”．Behind the“fun”there often lurks some crude management thinking：a desire to brand the company as better than its rivals，or a plan to boost productivity through team．building．Twitter even boasts that it has“worked hard to create an environment that spawns productMty and happiness”．

While imposing fake fun on their employees，companies are battling against the real thing．Many force smokers to huddle outside like furtive criminals．Few allow their employees to drink at lunch time，let alone earlier in the day．A regiment of busybodies--from lawyers to human resources functionaries-is waging war on office romance，particularly between people of different ranks．

The merchants of fake fun have met some resistance．When Wal—Mart tried to impose alien rules on its German staff-such as compulsory smiling and a ban on affairs with co-workers—it touched off a guerrilla war that ended only when the supermarket chain announced it was pulling out of Germany in 2006．But such victories are rare．For most wage slaves forced to pretend they are having fun at work，the only relief is to poke fun at their tormentors．Mad Men reminds people of a world they have lost—a world where bosses did not think that“fun”was a management tool and where employees could happily quaff Scotch at noon．Cheers to that．

In the opening paragraph，the author introduces his topic by_____.

根据以下资料，回答下列各题：

Insurance companies provide a service to the community by protecting it against expected and unexpected disasters．Before an insurance company will agree to ___1___anything，it collects accurate figures about the___2___．It knows，for example，that the risk of a man being killed in a plane accident is less than the risk he___3___ in crossing a busy road．This___4___ it to quote low figures for travel insurance．Sometimes the risk may be high，as in motorracing or mountaineering．Then the company___5___a much higher price．___6___too many climbers have accidents，the price rises still further．If the majority of climbers fall off mountains，the company will___7___ to insure them．