航海英语(甲类船长)阅读理解专题练习(1)

If third party liabilities or expenses is involved in a claim for loss，the Insured shall ______．

“Third party”in the last paragraph of this passage refers to ______．

The word“abandonment”in the second paragraph of this passage means ______．

It appears that ________ was not a factor contributing to the collision．

It can be concluded that ________ failed to keep an effective radar lookout．

材料：

Immediately upon receipt of advice of any accident or loss to the insured vessel，it is the duty of the Insured to give notice to the Insurer within 48 hours，and if the vessel is abroad，to the Insurer's nearest agent immediately，and to take all reasonable measures for the purpose of averting or minimizing a loss which would be recoverable under this insurance．Measures taken by the Insured or the Insurer with the object of averting or minimizing a loss which would be recoverable under this insurance shall not be considered as waiver or acceptance of abandonment or otherwise prejudice the rights of either party． 

The Insured shall obtain prior agreement of the Insurer in determining the liabilities and expenses in respect of the insured vessel． 

In submitting a claim for loss，the Insured shall transfer to the Insurer all necessary documents，and assist him in pursuing recovery against the third party in case of third party liabilities or expenses being involved. 

问题：

Which are the duties of the Insured upon receipt of advice of any accident or loss to the insured vessel ___________．

I．To take all reasonable measures for the purpose of averting or minimizing a loss insured against；

II．To give notice to the Insurer within 48 hours；

III．To obtain prior agreement of the Insurer in determining the measures to be taken for the purpose of minimizing a loss insured against．

The bridge resource management on board P&O Nedlloyd Vespucci ________．

材料：

It is inferred that this passage prepared to protect the interests of ________．

It is implied in the passage that ________．

The insufficient ventilation of a container supplied by a shipper that causes the GOODs to spoil may preclude recovery ________．

材料：

The carrier who does not pack a container cannot determine the sufficiency of packing of individual cartons within the container．Thus the carrier is not estopped from proving the insufficiency of packing of the GOODs within the container stuffed and sealed by the shipper，even where the carrier has issued a clean bill of lading．

The principle of estoppel only applies to the apparent order and condition of the exterior of the container．The carrier has no duty to inspect the cargo of the shipper-packed container，unless its packaging is apparently inadequate or the shipper has given the carrier special instructions as to the special requirements of the cargo．This view places the burden of inspection and ascertainment of special stowage needs on the party most likely to know of or best equipped to discover such needs． 

Both the condition of the container and the packing of the individual objects inside are important．The condition of the container supplied by a shipper may preclude recovery by cargo interests in various situations，for example，where the container's insufficient ventilation causes the GOODs to spoil．

Improper packing of objects（e.g．defective“stuffing”of GOODs into a container）may also constitute a case of insufficiency of packing by the shipper．For example，antiques，furniture，porcelain and crystal had been shipped in containers．The porcelain and crystal which had been packed in cartons suffered no damage，but the furniture and antiques which had only been wrapped in paper were damaged. The carrier was not held responsible as the packing was deemed to be insufficient． 

问题：

If the carrier has issued a clean bill of lading for the general cargo on board of his ship，he will be ________．

The pilot ________．

Who is to blame for the accident according to the passage ___________．

The passage indicates _______．

It is concluded that _______．

材料：

In accordance with most more recent decisions and authors，the carrier will not be excused unless he has proved that _______．

材料:

Some older decisions have held that the carrier，in order to rebut the presumption of liability resulting from the arrival in damaged condition of GOODs shipped undamaged，must prove not only that the loss or damage was caused by one of the excepted perils，but also that the harm did not result from any negligence on the carrier's part． 

Most more recent decisions and authors，however，uphold the view that，in general，the carrier may rebut the claimant's prima facie case simply by proving that the loss was caused by an excepted peril．At that point，the onus switches to the cargo claimant to prove that the true cause of the loss was the carrier's negligence． 

Nevertheless certain Hague and Hague/Visby Rules exceptions，expressly or implicitly，also require the carrier to negative its own negligence in proving the exception itself．For example，a clause in the said rules expressly imposes on the carrier the burden of proving that the loss or damage occurred without its actual fault or privity and without any fault or neglect on the part of its servants or agents． 

The carrier，however，must truly prove the existence of one or more of the exceptions and their causative role in respect of the loss or damage．Conjectures and speculation do not take the place of hard evidence．A court has held：“Mere speculation will not overcome the prima facie evidence of a clean bill of lading”．

问题：

The carrier will be held liable for the loss or damage if _______．

In accordance with old decisions，the carrier will not be excused unless he has proved that _______．

Under previous conditions，assuming the saved value is $1 million，the expense of suing and labouring $3 millions，and the Underwriter has admitted a claim for total loss，the liability under this insurance is likely to be _______．

Under afore-said conditions，assuming the expense of suing and labouring is $3 millions，the proceeds $2 million，and the Underwriter has admitted a claim for total loss，the liability under this insurance is likely to be _______．

Assuming the sound value of the vessel at the time of accident is $10 millions，the insured value $9 millions，the stated value $8 millions，the expense incurred $2 millions，the liability under this insurance is likely to be _______．

材料：

When expenses are incurred the liability under this insurance shall not exceed the proportion of such expenses that the amount insured hereunder bears to the value of the Vessel as stated herein，or to the sound value of the Vessel at the time of the occurrence giving rise to the expenditure if the sound value exceeds that value．Where the Underwriters have admitted a claim for total loss and property insured by this insurance is saved，the foregoing provisions shall not apply unless the expenses of suing and labouring exceed the value of such property saved and then shall apply only to the amount of the expenses which is in excess of such value． 

When a claim for total loss of the Vessel is admitted under this insurance and expenses have been reasonably incurred in saving or attempting to save the Vessel and other property and there are no proceeds，or the expenses exceed the proceeds，then this insurance shall bear its pro rata share of such proportion of the expenses，or of the expenses in excess of the proceeds，as the case may be，as may reasonably be regarded as having been incurred in respect of the Vessel，but if the Vessel be insured for less than its sound value at the time of the occurrence giving rise to the expenditure，the amount recoverable under this clause shall be reduced in proportion to the under-insurance． 

问题：

Of the following，_______ only is correct．

It can be inferred that the author ______ the opinion that the carrier may validly delegate its responsibility for discharging the cargo to another party．

In the eyes of law，an“FIOST”clause in the bill of lading ______．

The prevalent view is that ______．

材料：

When SEA EMPRESS was grounded the second time，her smallest freeboard was on her ______．

A conclusion can be drawn from this passage that SEA EMPRESS was grounded at about ______ hours（LT）．

材料：

When SEA EMPRESS was two or three cables from the Channel entrance，the pilot saw from the changing aspect of the Outer Leading Lights that there was a set to the east．He ordered a course change of 5° to port．The vessel，which was now closing with the Mid Channel Rocks Light Buoy，started to turn to port．The pilot saw the Outer Leading Lights close and then open to the east as the bows entered the channel．The Buoy was very close to starboard and the pilot now saw that the fixed red and fixed white lights of the Outer Leading Lights，the ones indicating the east side of the deepest water in the Channel entrance，were also open to the east． 

“The pilot saw the Outer Leading Lights close and then open to the east as the bows entered the channel”．This indicates that ______．