SNMPv1是一个不安全的协议，管理站(Manager)与代理(Agent)之间通过(36)进行身份认证，由于认证信息没有加密，所以是不安全的。1998年公布的SNMPv3定义了基于用户的安全模型USM，其中的认证模块结合(37)算法形成认证协议，产生一个96bit的报文摘要。SNMPv3还定义了基于视图的访问控制模型VACM。在这个模型中，用户被分成组，属于同一组的用户可以有不同的安全级别，其中(38)是最高安全级别。RPC1757定义的RMON管理信息库是对MIB-2的扩充，其中的统计组记录(39)的管理信息，而矩阵组则记录(40)的通信情况。

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In low-speed network, it is usually adequate to wait for congestion to occur and then react to it by telling the source of packets to slow down. In high-speed networks, this approach often works poorly, because in the(71)between sending the notification and notification arriving at the source, thousands of additional(72)may arrive. In ATM network, a major tool for preventing(73)is(74)control. When a host wants a new virtual(75),it must describe the traffic to be offered and the service expected.

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To a router, a flow is a(66)of packets that share the same Characterstics, such as traveling the same(67),using the same(68),having the same kind of security, and so on. A router that supports the handling of flow labels has a(69)table. The table has an entry for each active flow label; each entry defines the(70)required by the corresponding flow label.

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