在OSI网络管理标准中定义了网络管理的5大功能。对历史数据进行分析、统计和整理，为未来的网络规划提供参考的功能属于(41)；提供一系列实时数据采集、分析和可视化工具对流程、负载、丢包、温度、内存、延迟等网络设备和线路进行实时检测的功能属于(42)；接收报警信息、启动报警程序、以各种形式发出警报的功能(43)。上述事件捕捉和报告操作可由管理代理通过SNMP和传输网络将(44)发给管理进程，这个操作(45)。

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SDLC was invented by IBM to replace the older Bisynchronous protocol for wide area connections between IBM equipment. A varietion of the(71)protocol called NRM is essentially the same as SDLC.

 SDLC is(72)protocol like HDLC, Frame. Relay or X.25.An SDLC network is made up of(73)that controls all communications, and(74).It is capable of(75).operation, but almost all practical applications are strictly half duplex.

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Frame. Relay is simplified form. of(66), similar in principle to(67), in which synchronous, frames of data are routed to different destinations depending on header information.

 Packets are routed throught one or more Virtual Circuits known as(68). Most Virtual Circuits are(69), which means that the network provider sets up all DLCI connections at subscription time.(70)are also part of the Frame. Relay specification. They privide a link that only lasts only as long as the session.