If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counteD。 He did not do so because he thought he knew. (31)( ) I believe myself that hedgehogs eat black beetles, because I have been told that they do; but if I were writing a book on the habits of hedgehogs, I should not commit myself until I had seen one enjoying this unappetizing diet. Aristotle, however, was less cautious Ancient and medieval authors knew all about unicorns and salamanders; not one of them thought it necessary to avoid dogmatic statements about them because he had never seen one of them.

 Many matters, however, are less easily brought to the test of experience. (32)( ).If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that you are subconsciously aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do. If someone maintains that two and two are five, or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know so little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction. (33)( )Persecution is used in theology, not in arithmetic, because in arithmetic there is knowledge, but in theology there is only opinion. So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion, be on your guard; (34)( )

 A good way of riding yourself of certain kinds of dogmatism is to become aware of opinions held in social circles different from your own. When was young, I lived much outside my own country in France, Germany, Italy, and the United States. (35)( ) If you cannot travel, seek out people with whom you disagree, and read a newspaper belonging to a party that is not yours. If the people and the newspaper seem mad, perverse, and wicked, remind yourself that you seem so to them. (36)( )

 For those who have enough psychological imagination it is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different bias. This has one advantage, and only one, as compared with actual conversation with opponents; (37)( ) Mahatma Gandhi deplores railways and steamboats and machinery; he would like to undo the whole of the industrial revolution. You may never have an opportunity of actually meeting anyone who holds this opinion, because in Western countries most people take the advantage of modern technique for granted.But if you want to make sure that you are right in agreeing with the prevailing opinion, you will find it a good plan to test the arguments that occur to you by considering what Gandhi might say in refutation of them. I have sometimes been led actually to change my mind as a result of this kind of imaginary dialogue, and, short of this, (38)( )

 Be very wary of opinions that flatter your self-esteem. Both men and women, nine times out of ten, are firmly convinced of the superior excellence of their own sex. (39)( ) If you are a man, you can point out that most poets and men of science are male; if you are a woman, you can retort that so are most criminals. The question is inherently insoluble, but self-esteem conceals this from most people. We are all, whatever part of the world we come from, persuaded that our own nation is superior to all others. Seeing that each nation has its characteristic merits and demerits, we adjust our standard of values so as to make out that the merits possessed by our nation are the really important ones, (40)( ) Here, again, the rational man will admit that the question is one to which there is no demonstrably right answer. It is more difficult to deal with the self-esteem of man as man, because we cannot argue out the matter with some nonhuman minD。 The only way I know of dealing with this general human conceit is to remind ourselves that man is a brief episode in the life of a small planet in little corner of the universe, and that for aught we know, other parts of the cosmos may contain beings as superior to ourselves as we are to jellyfish.

A. In this opinion both parties may be right, but they cannot both be wrong. This reflection should generate a certain caution

B. you will probably find, on examination, that your belief is going beyond what the evidence warrants

C. If, like most of mankind, you have passionate convictions on many such matters, there a ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own bias

D. this one advantage is that the method is not subject to the same limitations of time or space

E. while its demerits are comparatively trivial

F. There is abundant evidence on both sides

G. found this very profitable in diminishing the intensity of insular prejudice

H. regardless of whether the offender repents and regardless of what he has done or suffered

I. The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way

J. I have frequently found myself growing less dogmatic and cocksure through realizing the possible reasonableness of a hypothetical opponent

K. Thinking that you know when in fact you don't is a fatal mistake, to which we are all prone

(63)Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness and indulgence towards their children.Some may be especially strict in money matters; others are severe over times of coming home at night, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness (64)In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness and well-being.(65)As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency is very important in parental teaching.To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality. (66)Also, parents should realize that "example is better than precept".(67)If they are hypocritical and do not practice what they preach, their children may grow confused and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent deceived.A sudden awareness of a marked difference between their parents ethics and their morals can be a dangerous disillusion.

In industry, whom do public relations personnel keep in touch with? How do they work?

Passage 4

 Public relations is management function that creates, develops, and carries out policies and programs to influence public opinion or public reaction about an idea, a product, or an organization. The field of public relations has become an important part of the economic, social and political pattern of life in many nations. That field includes advertising, promotional activities, and press contact. Public relations also exists at the same time in business with marketing and merchandising to create the climate in which all selling functions occur.

 Public relations activities in the modern world help institutions to cope successfully with problems, to build prestige for an individual or a group to promote products, and to win elections. The majority of public relations workers are staff employees working within a corporate or institutional framework. Others operate in public relations counseling firms.

 In industry, public relations personnel keeps management informed of changes in the opinions of various publics that is, the groups of people whose support is needed): employees, stockholders, customers, dealers, the community, and the government. These professionals counsel management as to the impact of any action or lack of action on the behavior. of the target audiences. Once an organizational decision has been made, the public relations person has the task of communication nation to the public using methods that promote understanding, and desired behavior. For example, a hospital merger, an industrial plant closing, or the introduction of a new product all require public relations and planning skill.

 Public relations activities are a major part of the political affairs in many nations. Politician seeking office, government agencies seeking acceptance and cooperation, officials seeking support and foreign governments seeking aid and allies abroad all make extensive use of counseling services provided by public relations specialists.Public relations also plays an important role in the entertainment industry. The theater, motion, pictures, sports, restaurants, and individuals all use public relations services to increase their business, or add to their image. Other public relations clients are educational, social service and charitable institutions, trade unions, religious groups, and professional societies.

 The successful public relations practitioner is a specialist in communication arts and persuasion. Specialized skills are required to handle public opinion research, media relations, direct mail activities, institutional advertising, publications, film and video production, and special events. Public relations services are so far virtually unused in many developing nations, but they are likely to be a future government concern.

According to the passage, what is the definition of public relations?What is the function of public relations in modern world?

Apple delight hold strength give up experience

Lie desperate be packed with  walk out of happy  step out

 I committed suicide! I took some poison and soon found myself lying on the ground, bitterly but happily.When I was a little girl, I once looked at a knife and thought of death after(51)( ) some very sad things that a seven-year-old girl could not bear. But I was so afraid of death that I (52)( )

 that crazy idea. Now over ten years have slipped away, became so brave that I was not afraid of death

 (53)( ) on the ground with pain in my stomach, I felt relief and happiness of death. I thought of nothing that could not be left behind. I was even happy for my dear parents, for they could raise another child who was most able to realize all their expectation and hope, and to take care of them when they get olD. They are the only people in the world who deserve all the happiness and care. They would be so happy that they would forget me soon. I imagined what Heaven would there would be no disillusion, no worry and anxiety, no hardship, no harsh word, and no expectation and pressure. It only had all the beautiful things in life. At the moment a strange feeling came up to me and little by little I felt hard to breathe and more pain all over my body. More strangely, unlike most people who end their lives(54)( ) I had no fear at all. Everything peace. Thus I closed my eyes, as if I were to sleep to have a wonderful dream, which angels and God would be in it.

 Many of you may say I'm a coward. I'm so fragile that I fear what the future may bring to me. But you are all wrong! When I am not afraid of death of what else on earth I am afraid?

 I closed my eyes, but I saw many beautifully colorful circles through a long tunnel. They hit my face and my body but I did not feel hurt. Then here came still darkness, nothing to be seen. Suddenly, I heard a voice speaking to me. I listened, and it was telling a story.

 It told of a man who was lost in a big, hot desert when he met a big sandstorm. He had lost all his backpacks which(55)( ) food and water. Only a green apple was left in his pocket. "I have an apple!" said the man excitedly. (56)( ) the apple in his hand, he walked, walked, and walked. Two day passed, and there were several times when he wanted to give up in hunger and thirst. But when he thought he still had the tasty apple, his strength was after three days, he finally (58)( ) the desert with the once green, tasty apple, which became dry and not tasty anymore, in his hand.

 It is a good story, I thought, and it may be the story told to everyone who is going up to Heaven. I became very sad, though, for I had given up my life. There was no"(59)( ) for me to help me hold on in the desert of life. Or was there?

 Suddenly, the voice stopped, and there came a light far away, in the end of the tunnel. Excited and(60)( ) I flew fast to it. It occurred to me that there would be Heaven, inside the light, welcoming me!

( lonely) Feelings of is certainly one of those tough things many students studying abroad have to cope with.

(consider) After careful( ) the committee decided to recommend Mr. Smith for the post.

(sympathy) I( )with you; I've had similar unhappy experience myself

(promote) We are doing special of our paperback list.

(deep) When people came to the airport to see him off, he spoke with great( ) of feeling about how kind they had been to him.

(ignore) We are in complete( ) of your plans.