自考专业英语（英语阅读一）模拟试卷六

(63)Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness and indulgence towards their children.Some may be especially strict in money matters; others are severe over times of coming home at night, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness (64)In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness and well-being.(65)As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency is very important in parental teaching.To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality. (66)Also, parents should realize that "example is better than precept".(67)If they are hypocritical and do not practice what they preach, their children may grow confused and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent deceived.A sudden awareness of a marked difference between their parents ethics and their morals can be a dangerous disillusion.

In industry, whom do public relations personnel keep in touch with? How do they work?

Passage 4

 Public relations is management function that creates, develops, and carries out policies and programs to influence public opinion or public reaction about an idea, a product, or an organization. The field of public relations has become an important part of the economic, social and political pattern of life in many nations. That field includes advertising, promotional activities, and press contact. Public relations also exists at the same time in business with marketing and merchandising to create the climate in which all selling functions occur.

 Public relations activities in the modern world help institutions to cope successfully with problems, to build prestige for an individual or a group to promote products, and to win elections. The majority of public relations workers are staff employees working within a corporate or institutional framework. Others operate in public relations counseling firms.

 In industry, public relations personnel keeps management informed of changes in the opinions of various publics that is, the groups of people whose support is needed): employees, stockholders, customers, dealers, the community, and the government. These professionals counsel management as to the impact of any action or lack of action on the behavior. of the target audiences. Once an organizational decision has been made, the public relations person has the task of communication nation to the public using methods that promote understanding, and desired behavior. For example, a hospital merger, an industrial plant closing, or the introduction of a new product all require public relations and planning skill.

 Public relations activities are a major part of the political affairs in many nations. Politician seeking office, government agencies seeking acceptance and cooperation, officials seeking support and foreign governments seeking aid and allies abroad all make extensive use of counseling services provided by public relations specialists.Public relations also plays an important role in the entertainment industry. The theater, motion, pictures, sports, restaurants, and individuals all use public relations services to increase their business, or add to their image. Other public relations clients are educational, social service and charitable institutions, trade unions, religious groups, and professional societies.

 The successful public relations practitioner is a specialist in communication arts and persuasion. Specialized skills are required to handle public opinion research, media relations, direct mail activities, institutional advertising, publications, film and video production, and special events. Public relations services are so far virtually unused in many developing nations, but they are likely to be a future government concern.

According to the passage, what is the definition of public relations?What is the function of public relations in modern world?

Apple delight hold strength give up experience

Lie desperate be packed with  walk out of happy  step out

 I committed suicide! I took some poison and soon found myself lying on the ground, bitterly but happily.When I was a little girl, I once looked at a knife and thought of death after(51)( ) some very sad things that a seven-year-old girl could not bear. But I was so afraid of death that I (52)( )

 that crazy idea. Now over ten years have slipped away, became so brave that I was not afraid of death

 (53)( ) on the ground with pain in my stomach, I felt relief and happiness of death. I thought of nothing that could not be left behind. I was even happy for my dear parents, for they could raise another child who was most able to realize all their expectation and hope, and to take care of them when they get olD. They are the only people in the world who deserve all the happiness and care. They would be so happy that they would forget me soon. I imagined what Heaven would there would be no disillusion, no worry and anxiety, no hardship, no harsh word, and no expectation and pressure. It only had all the beautiful things in life. At the moment a strange feeling came up to me and little by little I felt hard to breathe and more pain all over my body. More strangely, unlike most people who end their lives(54)( ) I had no fear at all. Everything peace. Thus I closed my eyes, as if I were to sleep to have a wonderful dream, which angels and God would be in it.

 Many of you may say I'm a coward. I'm so fragile that I fear what the future may bring to me. But you are all wrong! When I am not afraid of death of what else on earth I am afraid?

 I closed my eyes, but I saw many beautifully colorful circles through a long tunnel. They hit my face and my body but I did not feel hurt. Then here came still darkness, nothing to be seen. Suddenly, I heard a voice speaking to me. I listened, and it was telling a story.

 It told of a man who was lost in a big, hot desert when he met a big sandstorm. He had lost all his backpacks which(55)( ) food and water. Only a green apple was left in his pocket. "I have an apple!" said the man excitedly. (56)( ) the apple in his hand, he walked, walked, and walked. Two day passed, and there were several times when he wanted to give up in hunger and thirst. But when he thought he still had the tasty apple, his strength was after three days, he finally (58)( ) the desert with the once green, tasty apple, which became dry and not tasty anymore, in his hand.

 It is a good story, I thought, and it may be the story told to everyone who is going up to Heaven. I became very sad, though, for I had given up my life. There was no"(59)( ) for me to help me hold on in the desert of life. Or was there?

 Suddenly, the voice stopped, and there came a light far away, in the end of the tunnel. Excited and(60)( ) I flew fast to it. It occurred to me that there would be Heaven, inside the light, welcoming me!

( lonely) Feelings of is certainly one of those tough things many students studying abroad have to cope with.

(consider) After careful( ) the committee decided to recommend Mr. Smith for the post.

(sympathy) I( )with you; I've had similar unhappy experience myself

(promote) We are doing special of our paperback list.

(deep) When people came to the airport to see him off, he spoke with great( ) of feeling about how kind they had been to him.

(ignore) We are in complete( ) of your plans.

(exist) Many species of animals which once lived on the earth are no longer in

(religion) A holy man in India sits still there with all attention to his contemplation, free even of his own body.

(depend) In society such as ours, both parents teachers are responsible for the( )opportunities provided for the development of the child, so that upbringing and education are

(construction) The old professor made number of very( ) suggestions concerning soil conservation in the area.

Louise decided to lend money to the author because( )

 If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counteD。 He did not do so because he thought he knew. (31)( ) I believe myself that hedgehogs eat black beetles, because I have been told that they do; but if I were writing a book on the habits of hedgehogs, I should not commit myself until I had seen one enjoying this unappetizing diet. Aristotle, however, was less cautious Ancient and medieval authors knew all about unicorns and salamanders; not one of them thought it necessary to avoid dogmatic statements about them because he had never seen one of them.

 Many matters, however, are less easily brought to the test of experience. (32)( ).If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that you are subconsciously aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do. If someone maintains that two and two are five, or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know so little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction. (33)( )Persecution is used in theology, not in arithmetic, because in arithmetic there is knowledge, but in theology there is only opinion. So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion, be on your guard; (34)( )

 A good way of riding yourself of certain kinds of dogmatism is to become aware of opinions held in social circles different from your own. When was young, I lived much outside my own country in France, Germany, Italy, and the United States. (35)( ) If you cannot travel, seek out people with whom you disagree, and read a newspaper belonging to a party that is not yours. If the people and the newspaper seem mad, perverse, and wicked, remind yourself that you seem so to them. (36)( )

 For those who have enough psychological imagination it is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different bias. This has one advantage, and only one, as compared with actual conversation with opponents; (37)( ) Mahatma Gandhi deplores railways and steamboats and machinery; he would like to undo the whole of the industrial revolution. You may never have an opportunity of actually meeting anyone who holds this opinion, because in Western countries most people take the advantage of modern technique for granted.But if you want to make sure that you are right in agreeing with the prevailing opinion, you will find it a good plan to test the arguments that occur to you by considering what Gandhi might say in refutation of them. I have sometimes been led actually to change my mind as a result of this kind of imaginary dialogue, and, short of this, (38)( )

 Be very wary of opinions that flatter your self-esteem. Both men and women, nine times out of ten, are firmly convinced of the superior excellence of their own sex. (39)( ) If you are a man, you can point out that most poets and men of science are male; if you are a woman, you can retort that so are most criminals. The question is inherently insoluble, but self-esteem conceals this from most people. We are all, whatever part of the world we come from, persuaded that our own nation is superior to all others. Seeing that each nation has its characteristic merits and demerits, we adjust our standard of values so as to make out that the merits possessed by our nation are the really important ones, (40)( ) Here, again, the rational man will admit that the question is one to which there is no demonstrably right answer. It is more difficult to deal with the self-esteem of man as man, because we cannot argue out the matter with some nonhuman minD。 The only way I know of dealing with this general human conceit is to remind ourselves that man is a brief episode in the life of a small planet in little corner of the universe, and that for aught we know, other parts of the cosmos may contain beings as superior to ourselves as we are to jellyfish.

A. In this opinion both parties may be right, but they cannot both be wrong. This reflection should generate a certain caution

B. you will probably find, on examination, that your belief is going beyond what the evidence warrants

C. If, like most of mankind, you have passionate convictions on many such matters, there a ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own bias

D. this one advantage is that the method is not subject to the same limitations of time or space

E. while its demerits are comparatively trivial

F. There is abundant evidence on both sides

G. found this very profitable in diminishing the intensity of insular prejudice

H. regardless of whether the offender repents and regardless of what he has done or suffered

I. The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way

J. I have frequently found myself growing less dogmatic and cocksure through realizing the possible reasonableness of a hypothetical opponent

K. Thinking that you know when in fact you don't is a fatal mistake, to which we are all prone

To get help from a venture-capital company, you may have to( )

The author easily built a team for his company because( )

By "Angel money", the author refers to( )

Passage 6

 "Burn rate" is the speed at which a start-up business consumes money. My rate would be 50,000 a month when my new media company started. So, I began looking around for individuals who would be my first investors. "Angel money" it was called. But when I reviewed my list of acquaintances to find those who might be able to help, I found the number got small.

 With no other choices, I began meeting with the venture-capital companies. But was warned they took a huge share of your company for the money they put in. And if you struggled, they could drop you cold.

From the text we can conclude that( )

The organization "Tenovus" is( )

The reason why the writer raises funds for cancer research is that( )

In this text the writer is expressing( )

The tone of the passage is( )

Passage 5

 Whenever I see anyone buying a National Lottery ticket I want to stop them and ask if they know just where their money is going. The lottery money is supposed to go to charity-but it makes me angry to see some of the so-called "good causes" it's being used to support. Also, Camelot, the organizer, has made a profit of10. 8 million in five months. We hear now that a lot of that money is boosting the pay packets of the company's bosses.

 For the past 10 years I've been helping to raise funds for a cancer research charity called Tenovus. My husband, Sandy, died from cancer 11 years ago-he was only51. There's been a long line of deaths in our family through cancer and it's been devastating. I've also lost two sisters-in-law, my brother, Michael, my father-in-law and my father That's apart from several close friends.

 The charity is 50 years old now and raises money mainly for breast cancer research. It also runs a support line for the families of cancer sufferers. Our local group raises money through dances, sales and coffee mornings, and all the funds go directly to cancer research. In 1993 Tenovus raised million-and half that money came from sales of our own lottery tickets at supermarkets. But our income has dropped by half since the National Lottery was introduced.

 I'm not against people playing the National Lottery, but they should think about what they're doing. The chances of winning the jackpot are so small; they might as well throw their money away. he Government tells us that the proceeds are going to things like the arts and sports, but what about the National Health Service? They should give some cash to that, too. How can they just ridiculous amounts of cash on so-called works of art-like displays of photos-or buying up Winston Churchill's papers at a cost of 12 million?

 So who really are the winners in the National Lottery? When I think of all that money people could be donating to cancer research, I could weep. It's time people realized how charities across the country are suffering because of the National Lottery. It's disheartening and so infuriating.

The writer seems to hope that( )

The writer of the passage bases his argument mainly upon( )

The cost for constructing prisons is( )

It is wrong to blame the police or judges for not being hard on criminals partly because( )

Why did Bezaq's international branch lose 40% of its market share?

Passage 4

 If you are looking for an explanation of why we don't get tough with criminals, you need only look at the numbers. Each year almost a third of the households in America are victims of violence or theft. This amounts to more than 41 million crimes, many more than we are able to punish. There are also too many criminals. We don't have room for any more!

 The painful fact is that the more crime there is, the less we are able to punish it. We think that punishment prevents crime, but it just might be the other way around. When there is so much crime it is simply impossible to deal with it or punish it. This is the situation we find ourselves in today: the gradual increase in the criminal population has made it more difficult to get into prison. Some of the most exclusive prisons now require about five serious crimes before a criminal is accepted.

 These features show that it makes little sense to blame the police or judges for being soft on criminals. There is not much else they can do. The police can't find most criminals and those they do find are difficult and costly to convict. Those convicted can't all be sent to prison. The public demands that we do everything we can against crime. The practical reality is that there is very little the police, courts or prisons can do about the crime problem.

 We could, of course, get tough with the people we already have in prison and keep them locked up for longer periods of time. Yet when measured against the lower crime rates this would probably produce, longer prison sentences are not worth the cost to states and local governments. Besides, those states that have tried to gain voters' approval for building new prisons often discover that the public is unwilling to pay for prison constructions And if it were willing to pay, long prison sentences may not be effective in reducing crime.

 More time spent in prison is also more expensive The best estimates are that it costs an average of $13,000 to keep a person in prison for one year. If we had a place to keep the 124,000 released prisoners, it would have cost us $1. 6 billion to prevent 15,000 crimes. This works out to more than $100,000 per crime prevented. But there is more. With the average cost of prison construction running around $50,000 per bed, it would cost more than $6 billion to build the necessary cells. The first-year operating cost would be $150,000 per crime prevented, worth it if the victim were you or me, but much too expensive to be feasible as a national policy.

 Faced with the reality of the numbers, I will not be so foolish as to suggest a solution to the crime problem. My contribution to the public debate begins and ends with this simple observation: getting tough with criminals is not the answer.

By saying "it just might be the other way around"(ParA. 2), the writer means( )

The example of E1 Al Airlines shows that( )

If someone in Israel today needs a repairman in case of a power failure,( )

In the author's view, higher service standards are impossible in Israel( )

Passage 3

 In recent years, Israeli consumers have grown more demanding as they've become wealthier and more worldly wise. Foreign travel is a national passion: this summer alone, one in 10 citizens will go abroad. Exposed to higher standards of service elsewhere, Israelis are returning home expecting the same. American firms have also begun arriving in large numbers. Chains such as KFC, McDonald's and Pizza Hut are setting a new standard of customer service, using strict employee g and constant monitoring to ensure the friendliness of frontline staff. Even the American habit of telling departing customers to "Have a nice day" has caught on all over Israel. "Nobody wakes up in the morning and says, 'Let's be nicer, '"says Itsik Cohen, director of a consulting firm.“Nothing happens without competition.”

 Privatization, or the threat of it, is motivation as well. Monopolies(垄断者) that until recently have been free to take their customers for granted now fear what Michael Perry, a marketing professor calls the revengeful(报复的) consumer. When the government opened up competition with Bezaq, the phone company, its international branch lost 40% of its market share, even while offering competitive rates. Says Perry, "People wanted revenge for all the years of bad service. "The electric company, whose monopoly may be short-lived, has suddenly stopped requiring users to wait half a day for a repairman. Now, appointments are scheduled to the half-hour. The graceless E1A1 Airlines which is already at auction(拍卖), has returned its employees to emphasize service and is boasting about the results in an ad campaign with the slogan, "You can feel the change in the air. "For the first time, praise outnumbers complaints on customer survey sheets.

It may be inferred from the passage that( )

It can be safely concluded from the passage that( )

The passage tells us how to( )

When the salesmen tell you that they never negotiate on the price, you can( )

This passage is intended for( )

Passage 2

 When you're negotiating with someone, listen for the messages that he or she might be sending to you. For example, the word "difficult" does not mean the same as impossible. Imagine you're staying in a hotel, and you want to change your room. The manager's answer of, "That would be very difficult, sir", does not mean that he is saying "no". It just means that he wants to know what you are prepared to offer him in return for the change of room.

 If you are buying a new car, and want to pay less than the price being asked, then the salesman's comment, "I'm sorry, but we never negotiate on the price", means that they do negotiate on other things, like the delivery time, or the "extra" that might be available as part of the purchase. In the same car showroom, if the salesman says, "Sorry, I can't negotiate prices", then should be to ask who can. The message the salesman is sending suggests that his boss is the one you need to be talking to.

 In all of these situations, the message is never communicated in clear terms. In any negotiation, the two "players" wish to get as much out of it as they can, of course. In the three examples above, the salesmen and the hotel manager are hoping that you will accept their price or conditions-but their "messages" make it clear that there may be room for movement and compromise. In a successful negotiation, the two sides move towards each other and reach agreement on conditions that satisfy both sides.

The hotel manager's answer" That would be very difficult, sir" implies( )

Since language is complex, it is remarkable that children

When the author says that language is "inherently human", he means that

Which of the following is true according to the passage?

Passage 1

 Children display an amazing ability to become fluent speakers of any language consistently spoken around them. Every normal child who is not brought up in virtual isolation from language use soon comes to speak one or more languages natively.

 The child's acquisition of his or her native language is not dependent on any special tutoring. Parents may spend many hours "reinforcing every recognizable bit of their child's verbal activity with smile or some other reward. But there is no particular reason to believe that such activity affects the child's ultimate success in becoming a native speaker of his parents' language. Children can pick up a language by playing with other children who happen to speak it just as well as they can through the concentrated efforts of doting parents. All they seem to need is sufficient exposure to the language in question.

 This capacity for acquiring language is remarkable for number of reasons. It is remarkable firstly because of its uniformity throughout the human race. There simply are no cases of normal children who, when they are given the chances, fail to acquire native language. By way of comparison, it is not at all unusual for a child to fail to master arithmetic, reading, swimming, or gymnast a considerable amount of instruction. Language acquisition, in other words, is "inherently, It is also species specific

 Every normal person learns a human language but no other animals, not even the most intelligent apes, has been shown to be capable of making the slightest progress in this direction, although some animals can learn to solve problems, use tools, and so on. Language acquisition thus appears to be kind from acquisition of the other skills mentioned

 The progress is further remarkable for its comparative speed and perfection. When we actually attempt to take a language apart to see how it works, we find it is extraordinarily complex and it involves highly abstract organizational principles. Yet, within the first few years of his life, every child has succeeded in mastering at least one such system. Furthermore, the linguistic system that the child masters is identical to the one employed by the people around him or her. If a child is regularly exposed to two languages, he will very probably learn both. Moreover, they will succeed in keeping the two linguistic systems separate, which is a considerable achievement.

What is most important in native language acquisition?

Which of the following is easier to learn for normal children?