Putonghua serves as an effective lingua franca among speakers of 56 different nationalities, even among speakers of different dialects of the Chinese language.

Please define competence and performance respectively and describe their differences.

According to John Austin, what are the three acts a speaker might be performing simultaneously while speaking? And give examples to illustrate them.

language centers

interlanguage

utterance meaning

language standardization

coinage

root

linguistic context

AUX-movement