现代语言学2013年1月真题试题与答案解析（00830）

Please define competence and performance respectively and describe their differences.

According to John Austin, what are the three acts a speaker might be performing simultaneously while speaking? And give examples to illustrate them.

language centers

interlanguage

utterance meaning

language standardization

coinage

root

linguistic context

AUX-movement

Although formal instruction hardly affects the natural route of SLA, it does provide opportunities to receive comprehensible input.

cultural transmission

suprasegmental features

The left hemisphere of human brain is superior to the right one.

Putonghua serves as an effective lingua franca among speakers of 56 different nationalities, even among speakers of different dialects of the Chinese language.

According to Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts, promising, swearing and vowing are the most typical cases of commissives.

One linguistic symbol can have different references while bearing the same sense. There are also occasions, though less frequent, when linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense.

Middle English had been deeply influenced by Norman French in vocabulary and grammar. For example, such terms as “man,” “house,” and “eat” came from the language of the French rulers.

Prefixes usually change the part of speech of the original word, but do not change the meaning of the stem.

According to Chomsky, Universal Grammar is a system of linguistic knowledge and a human species-specific gift which exists in the brain of a normal human being.

If the sentence That's, not the ,book he, wants is spoken in the fall-rise tone, it implies that there is some other book the speaker wants.

In SLA, many actual errors, such as “goed” and “womans,” are attributable to o______ instead of negative transfer.

A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time would be a diachronic study.

The right hemisphere of human brain processes stimuli more h ______ and the left one more analytically.

A linguistic t ______ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.

Linguistic change occurs in all components of the grammar, including changes in the sound, morphological, s ______ , lexical, and semantic systems.

While traditional semantics mainly studies meanings in isolation, pragmatics focuses on meanings in c______.

The phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length due to their r ______ properties.

In predication analysis, an a ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence.

A stem refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added, and it can be a b ______ root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.

The speech sounds we use when speaking a language are called p ______ medium of language.

Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. The word “study” does not mean “learn” but “i ______ ” or “examine.”

______ variation in a person’s speech, or writing, usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.

A child acquires his or her mother tongue in a sequence of identifiable stages： ______ , one-word, two-word and multiword during a very specific maturational period of human development.

Stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right ear. This phenomenon is called as the______.

All the following items except ______ are major sound changes English has undergone in its long historical development.

In the following dialogue between a student and a teacher, which maxim under CP is violated when the conversational implicature occurs?Student： New York is in New Zealand, isn’t it, Mr. Smith?Teacher： And Rome is in Romania, I suppose.

Which of the following words has four morphemes?

The word very in the phrase “very curious of the answer” is a ______ in terms of X-bar schema.

According to the way synonyms differ, which group of synonyms do “lift” and “elevator” illustrate?

In terms of manner of articulation, the English consonants [s] and [z] are classified as ______.

Which of the following does NOT account for the fact that modern linguistics gives priority to the spoken form of language?