Studies on the effects of formal instruction on second language acquisition show that formal instruction may help learners perform some types of tasks EXCEPT ______. ( )

Distinguish sentence meaning and utterance meaning by using examples.

Use appropriate phrase structure rules to draw a labeled constituent structure tree diagram for each of the following sentences.

1) The naughty boy cheated his teacher.

2) The old man put the book on the table.

3) I think that you are from the South.

1inguistic determinism and relativism

1anguage acquisition

comparative reconstruction

speech community

interpersonal communication

contextualism

Move

arbitrariness