现代语言学自考2009年01月真题及答案解析

Distinguish sentence meaning and utterance meaning by using examples.

Use appropriate phrase structure rules to draw a labeled constituent structure tree diagram for each of the following sentences.

1) The naughty boy cheated his teacher.

2) The old man put the book on the table.

3) I think that you are from the South.

1inguistic determinism and relativism

1anguage acquisition

comparative reconstruction

speech community

interpersonal communication

contextualism

Move

arbitrariness

Universal Grammar

distinctive features

( )Language functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the right hemisphere of the brain.

( )No language is inferior or superior to any other language，and no single human， except those with mental or physical impairments，is a better or worse language acquirer than any other human.

( )Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation，in which there exists a strict grammatical differentiation between a high variety or H-variety and a low variety or L-variety.

( )A grammatically well-formed sentence may be a semantically ill-formed sentence.

( )The Great Vowel Shift did not lead to the discrepancies between the pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English.

( )While conversation participants nearly always observe the Cooperative Principle， they do not always observe these maxims strictly.

( )X-bar theory and phrase structure rules are similar, and they play the same roles in explaining the internal structures of language.

( )Transformational rules are the rules that we use to generalize the syntactic movement that occurs when a constituent in a sentence moves out of its original place to a new position.

( )Vowels usually constitute the nucleus of syllable，so they are typically syllabic. Consonants cannot be syllabic. The same is true of English consonants.

( )Animal communication system also possesses the feature of displacement. In other words，it can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations.

Although they lack grammatical morphemes，_t______ sentences in the multiword stage are not simply words randomly strung together, but follow the principles of sentence formation.

The _c_____ period hypothesis refers to a period in one’s life extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language.

In the 1969 edition of the American Heritage Dictionary，examples used to illustrate the meaning of words include “manly courage’’ and “masculine charm. ’’Women do not fare as well. as exemplified by “womanish tears’’ and “feminine wiles.’’ This indicates that language reflectss_____ in society.

Back formation refers to a process by which new words are coined from already existing words by taking away an a_______ thought to be part of the old word，for example，edit derived from editor on the mistaken assumption that “-or” was the agentive suffix.

In the English vocabulary there are two categories of words：n______ words and borrowed words.

In a complex sentence，the incorporated，or subordinate，clause is normally called ane_____ clause.

“Your money or your life!” aims to threaten，and it is a specific instance of d_______ ·

Many languages，including English，have vowels called d_____ ，which could also be described as a sequence of two vowels.

A r______ is often seen as part of a word;it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning;it must be combined with another similar form or an affix to form a word.

M_____ linguistics，unlike the linguistic study normally known as “grammar” which sets models and rules for language users to follow，is mostly descriptive，i.e.，it attempts to describe the language people actually use，be it “correct” or not.

Studies on the effects of formal instruction on second language acquisition show that formal instruction may help learners perform some types of tasks EXCEPT ______. ( )

Depending on the demands of a particular communicative situation，bilingual or multilingual speakers may change between language varieties in the middle of speech or even in the middle of a sentenc

Language disorder resulting from a damage to ______ area in the brain reveals word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax. ( )

Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in England under William the Conqueror in 1066. For about a century and a half after the Norman Conquest， Middle English was heavily influenced by French，most noticeably in large and central areas of ______. ( )

Of the three speech acts a speaker might be performing simultaneously when speaking， linguists are most interested in the ______ act because it is identical with the speaker’s intention. ( )

In semantic analysis of a sentence， a(n)______ is a logical participant in a predication， largely identical with the nominal element(s)in a sentenc.( ).

_______ categories refer to combination of words of different categories，such as noun phrases(NP)，verb phrases(VP)in Englis。（）

______morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes，either free or bound，to form a word。（）

Alphabetic spelling represents the pronunciation of words;but it is often the case that the sounds of the words in a language are rather unsystematically represented by ______· ( )

Phonetics provides the means to describe the speech sounds，showing how they differ; phonology tells us that they function as ______，acting to contrast words. ( )