Passage 1

Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.

Some people believe that international sport creates goodwill between nations and that, if countries play games together, they will learn to live together. Others say that the opposite is true: international contests encourage false national pride and lead to misunderstanding and hatred仇恨. There is probably some truth in both arguments, but in recent years the Olympic Games have done little to support the view that sport encourages international brotherhood兄弟情深. Apart from tragic悲剧 incidents involving the murder of athletes, the Games were also ruined by lesser incidents caused principally by international contests.

One country received its second-place medals with visible indignation愤怒 after a hockey曲棍球 final. There had been noisy scenes at the end of the hockey match, the losers objecting to the final decision. They were convinced that one of their goals should not have been disallowed and that their opponents对手’ victory was unfair. Their manager was in a rage愤怒 when he said: “This wasn’t hockey. Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished.” The president of the Federation said later that such behavior could result in the suspension of the team for at least three years.

The American basketball team announced that they would not yield first place to Russia, after a disputable争议的 end to their contest. The game had ended in disturbance骚乱. It was thought at first that the United States had won by a single point, but it was announced that there were still three seconds to play. A Russian player then threw the ball from one end of the court to the other, and another player popped it into the basket. It was the first time the U.S.A had ever lost an Olympic basketball match. A judging panel debated the matter for four and a half hours without changing the original decision. The American players then voted not to receive the silver medals.

Incidents of this kind will continue as long as sport is played competitively rather than for the love of the game. The suggestion that athletes should compete as individuals, or on non-national teams, might be too much to hope for, but in the present organization of the Olympics there is far too much that encourages aggressive patriotism.

The author cites two examples in the passage to show that _______.