Why does the exporter sometimes require a confirmed letter of credit?

自从进入WTO后，中国商业银行及保险行业日益受到来自国外同行的竞争。

这些机构的共同目标是通过把发达国家的资金输送到发展中国家帮助这些国家提高生活水平。

外汇汇率有三种形式，即：买进汇率，售出汇率和两者的平均值——中间汇率。

在所有条款中，买卖双方各自的义务排列在10项标题下。

The IFC was established in 1956. Its function is to assist the economic development of less-developed countries by promoting growth in the private sector of their economies and helping to mobilize domestic and foreign capital for this purpose. Membership in the IBRD is a prerequisite for membership in the IFC.

随着制造业和技术的发展，出现了另一个刺激贸易的因素，即国际专业化。

It should be noted, however, that the existence of a letter of credit is not a guarantee of payment to anyone. Its existence only assures payment to the beneficiary if the terms and conditions of the letter of credit are fulfilled. In addition, a letter of credit does not insure that the materials purchased will be those invoiced or shipped.

What are the two wheels of APEC?

Why does the exporter sometimes require a confirmed letter of credit?

Why is it necessary to change the term “marine insurance” into “transportation insurance”?