语言与文化自考2014年10月真题及答案解析

Please use “industrial action”，“disturbance” and “incomplete success” as examples to illustrate the English euphemisms in mass media about political, socioeconomic affairs and international relations.试题答案Euphemisms are frequently used in mass media about political, socioeconomic affairs and international relations to avoid the unpleasantness of terms or expressions. For example, “industrial action”may be used for strike and a“riot”may become a “disturbance”. A“failure”is called an “incomplete success”.

Illustrate cross-cultural differences between English and Chinese thanks, by referring to the following situations.

(1) A salesgirl passes an article on to the customer.

 (2) An American professor has prepared a letter of recommendation for his student.

蝼蚁之穴能溃千里之堤。

拜年

return ticket

您有何高见?

Request the honour of your presence.

Strike while the iron is hot.

The lead in a news report normally presents briefly five Ws. What Ws are presented in the news lead?“Thunderstorms caused a power failure on the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway on Sunday, paralyzing southbound trains for 90 minutes.”

What is psychological time orientation?

What’s the difference between “药店” in Chinese and “drugstore” in American English and“chemist’s shop”in British English?

How are language, culture and thought related?

In both English and Chinese body language systems, _______one’s head may signaleither disagreement or disappointment.

The drawing of a general conclusion from a number of known facts is_______.

As an English teacher once said jokingly, if one dares to use“Jesus Christ” or “Holy Mary” to swear others, he must get ready to fight. This example shows that swear words, profane oaths or words are_______in English.

An English news report normally consists of a headline, a_______and a story.

_______events can also be a source of English allusions, as seen in “marathon” and “Waterloo”.

In both English and Chinese “black”is often associated with ________qualities, as in “blacklist” and “black hearted”

Words like “hotdog”,“hamburger” and“sandwich”reflect_______styles of English speakers.

The utterances “下雨了”， “已经九点了”，and ”很冷” in Chinese show that to the Chinese people________is more important than grammatical explicitness and consistency.

Since the Chinese people think highly of_______, they might consider it bad taste topraise their family members before others.

Culture in its narrow sense can be defined as_______of a population.

Which of the following statements are true?

Which of the following words are American English spelling?

In the Chinese utterance“请多提宝贵意见”，“宝贵”is used to show speaker’s_______.

Which of the following sentences are connected paratactically?

Metaphors are used in the following sentences EXCEPT “________”.

The Chinese people are deductive thinkers who reason________.

Some types of personal names are quite common among English speakers. They are_______.

“Carry coals lo Newcastle”, “It is as hard to please a knave as a knight” and “An Englishman’s home is his castle”are proverbs that are related to_______.

“________” are important properties of language.

The United Kingdom is a country of constitution monarchy, which may be represented by the words “_______”.

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

If you are ordering two hamburgers in McDonald’s, you’re likely to say that you want two hamburgers and at the same time hold up two fingers to signify “two”. This nonverbal message fulfills the function of________.

Many famous products in the west are named after their designers and manufacturers, which can be seen in the following brand names EXCEPT_______.

“The little parcel of light of one particular frequency in which radiant energy is delivered sometimes called a “light dart”, but is more generally known as a photon.”The above sentence shows that in English for science and technology, there is frequent use of_______.”

“Our garden didn’t do very well this year. By contrast, the orchard is looking very healthy.”There is_______relation between the above sentences.

When hearers, topics and environments change, the speakers‘ speaking styles vary,_______ style is used for conducting most business matters.

(1) Your ticket.

(2) Will you please show your ticket?

(3) Your ticket, please.

(4) Would you mind showing your ticket?

Please arrange the above statements in an order of increasing degrees of formality and politeness.

The following expressions are the euphemism for“death”or “die”in English and Chinese EXCEPT _______.

The red color is usually associated with celebrations and joyful occasions in English speaking countries and in China, which can be seen in the following expressions EXCEPT “______”.

Metaphors occur frequently in daily conversations to show speakers’ views on things both in Chinese and in English. The following metaphorical expressions show that ideas are people EXCEPT “________”.

The Chinese equivalent to“make bricks without straw” is_______.

“To keep one’s nose clean”corresponds to _______.

Which of the following is NOT a common response to a compliment?

In English “_______”is often used together with the addressee’s given name as a vocative.

“Cowboy”, “Hippie” and “Continental Congress” are words that represent the _______aspect of American culture.

Compare the sentences “Which books have you lent him?” and “你借给他哪些书? ”, and we find the difference in ________.

People from individualistic cultures tend to_______.

Eskimo tribes commonly have as many as seven different words for snow while certain African cultures in the equatorial forest of Zaire have no word for snow. Such phenomenon shows that_______.

_______meaning is communicated when the feelings or attitudes are expressed in language.

“Oil is a natural substance. When it is obtained from the oil well and refined into petrol, it becomes a cultural product.”From the above example, we can see that culture is a_______phenomenon.