英语科技文选自考2011年04月真题及答案解析

   Simulated diamonds are a creation of man;they are formed via a technological process. That is why they are also known as “manufactured”, “lab-grown” or “cultured” diamonds. In 1797 it was first discovered that diamonds are comprised of pure carbon. Ever since then, attempts have been made by several people to produce diamonds synthetically. 

   There are two major methods which are used to create simulated diamond crystals. The first and most popular method, which was devised by GE, is known as the High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT)method. There are two different press designs which are used to grow the diamond crystals. The first is the method used by Howard Tracy Hall, which is called the belt press method. In the belt press method, two anvils, one from up and one from down, supply the pressure and heat currents to a cylindrical volume. The second method is known as the cubic press method. In this method, there are six anvils which provide pressure to a cube shaped volume. The second method, devised by the Japanese, is known as Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) method. In this method the necessary environment is created for carbon atoms in a gas to settle on a surface for the diamond crystals to grow.

Should Cars Be Allowed into College Campus?

Why are antimicrobials used widely in poultry production?

How was the study conducted with poultry workers and community residents?

What does Ellen K.Silbergeld mean when stating that“One of the major implications of this study is to underscore the importance of the non-hospital environment in the origin of drug resistant infections”?

(B)

   Poultry workers in the United States are 32 times more likely to carry E. coli bacteria resistant to the commonly used antibiotic, gentamicin, than others outside the poultry industry, according to a recent study conducted by researchers at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. While drug-resistant bacteria, such as E. coli, are common in the industrial broiler chicken environment, this is the first U.S. research to show exposure occurring at a high level among industrial poultry workers.

   “The use of antimicrobials in industrial food production has been going on for over 50 years in the United States,” said the study’s lead author, Lance B. Price, who serves on the research faculty at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, and is a scientific advisor to the Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future. “Some estimates indicate that well over half of the antimicrobial drugs produced in the United States are used in food animal production. In the U.S. alone, over nine billion food animals are produced annually.”

     The study was conducted with poultry workers and community residents in the eastern shore regions of Maryland and Virginia, and it confirms similar studies in Europe showing that poultry farmers and workers are at risk of exposure to drug resistant E. coli bacteria. The Maryland and Virginia regions on the Delmarva Peninsula are among the top broiler chicken producing regions in the U.S., producing more than 600 million chickens annually.

 In the study, researchers conducted in-depth analyses of 49 study participants, 16 working within the poultry industry and 33 community residents. Stool samples from the participants were tested for resistance to the antimicrobials ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriazone, gentamicin and tetracycline. Findings showed that poultry workers had 32 times greater odds of being colonized with gentamicin-resistant E. coli than other members of the community.  “One of the major implications of this study is to underscore the importance of the non-hospital environment in the origin of drug resistant infections,” said Ellen K.Silbergeld, PhD, senior author of the study. 

       Price, PhD, and other researchers note that as food animal production shifted from the independent farmer to large-scale, industrialized operations, the use of antimicrobials in feeds intended to stimulate growth has increased. Currently 16 different antimicrobial drugs are approved for use in U.S. poultry production with gentamicin reported to be the most widely used.

What is the passage mainly about?

The expression “broiler chicken” in line 4, para.1, refers to ______. 

Which of the following is NOT true about the new technique of atom laser construction?

What does the author think of the first atom lasers according to the passage?

Why can’t atom waves be seen through a microscope under normal conditions?

The word “microchip” in line 4, para.1, refers to ______.

The things that chemists actually do to investigate the properties and reactions of matter vary widely, and are constantly undergoing change as new methods are developed, new equipment is invented, and new techniques devised. The introduction of the high-speed computer, for example, made it possible to investigate a number of problems that could not previously be tackled. In the past thirty years, with the use of the computer, we have been able to elucidate the structure and function of many proteins and other macro-molecules of biological importance. The substances chemists study vary widely, and are constantly changing. Because of this it has humorously been suggested that “chemistry is what chemists do. ”

(A)

burst forth

to the tune of

deficient

as to

bring. . . into play

31.我们应该调动一切积极因素, 进行必要的社会改革。

32.人群中突然发出令人恐怖的叫喊声。

33.他的信通常很长, 有时多达30页。

34.因为缺少资金, 他不能成立自己的公司。

35.至于写什么，约翰还没有得到任何明确的指示。

through    obtain    for    with      about      discipline     perform     system

    Computer vision is the science and technology of machines that see. As a scientific (23), computer vision is concerned (24)the theory and technology for building artificial systems that(25) information from images or multi-dimensional data. A significant part of artificial intelligence deals with planning(26)systems which can(27)mechanical actions such as moving a robot(28)some environment. This type of processing typically needs input data provided by a computer vision (29), acting as a vision sensor and providing high-level information(30)the environment and the robot. Other parts which sometimes are described as belonging to artificial intelligence and which are used in relation to computer vision are pattern recognition and learning techniques. 

What do the letters PTO __________?

These tropical diseases can __________ the populations of whole villages. 

He promised to __________ my request. 

The library __________ all important part of public service in the city. 

She tried to look healthy __________ her husband. 

The battery has __________.

Kate __________ new ideas when she went to college.

Computers will be hard __________ on these problems.

She doesn’t sleep enough, so she always has __________ fatigue. 

Mary said she was tired of journalists’ digging and __________ her private life. 

I need your help. __________, I need her support. 

delve into         regard as        at work               a sense of     run down comply with           for the sake of             stand for        in addition           expose to             wipe out                     in contrast

It’s hot in the day time, but __________ it’s very cold at night. 

connect 使互相连接

gravity 引力的

symbol 作为…的象征

system 生态系统

normal 异常的

division 细分

verify 鉴定(名词)

opt 可选的

relevant 不相干的

permanence 永久地