全国自考现代语言学模拟试卷(8)

What is the difference between a pidgin and creole?

phonemic contrast

Describe briefly what stages children go through in their first language acquisition.

a minimal pair

universal grammar

holophrastic sentence

derivation

coordinate sentence

recursiveness

syntax

descriptive linguistics

The structure of words is not governed by rules.

derivational affix

It is obvious that the standard variety of language is the correct form of language.

In medieval times, a trade language came into use in the Mediterranean ports. It consisted of Italian mixed with French, Spanish, Greek, Arabic, and Turkish, and it was called Lingua Franca, “Frankish language”. The term lingua franca was generalized to other languages similarly used. Thus, any language can be a lingua franca.

Searl thought that in making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate.

All illocutionary acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same illocutionary point.

In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation.

According to Searle's classification of illocutionary acts, speech acts fall into five general categories. They are representatives, directives, commissives, expressives and declarations.

It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of S-structure.

In producing stops or plosives, the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again, such as English stops [p] and [t] in pit. In producing [p] and [t] the flow of air is blocked through the mouth only.

One way out of the communication dilemma is language s________ known as language planning.

Distinctive features are the same to any language.

Certain words in all societies are considered t________—they are forbidden or to be avoided.

In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, b________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.

D________ linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic changes through time. It studies the historical development of language over a period of time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergone since the time of Shakespeare would be a diachronic study.

As the first step of their scientific investigation of language, linguists have to observe and collect linguistic f________ before they can do anything else.

Language is a system of a________ vocal symbols used for human communication.

Dialectal diversity develops when people are separated from each other g________ and socially. The changes that occur in the language spoken in one area or group do not necessarily spread to another.

F________ morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.

S________ is a casual use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinages and figures of speech characterized by spontaneity and sometimes by raciness.

Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as “subvocal speech”, and speech as “________”.

Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components called s________ features.

If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) ________.

In some sense the existence of taboo words stimulates the creation of ________, serving as substitutes for the offensive language.

Black English is a kind of ________ dialect.

Semantics can be defined as the study of ________.

The purpose of Chomsky's definition is to focus attention on the purely ________ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view.

There are several kinds of antonyms. Which of the following is NOT a kind of antonyms?

If two lexical terms consist of the same components, they are ________.

The critical period for language acquisition refers to the short period of ________ years old in one's life, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language.

________ is the study of language in relation to the mind.