全国自考现代语言学模拟试卷(7)

Discuss any FOUR of the features of human language that distinguish it from animal communication system.

New words can be formed in many ways. Please illustrate borrowing, compounding, blending and back-formation, each with two examples.

the naming theory

illocutionary act

surface structure

intrapersonal communication

perlocutionary act

behaviourism as a semantic view

expressives

the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

free morpheme

taboo

The grammatical errors that occur in second language acquisition can all be explained by mother tongue interference.

Stress is a relative notion; only words with two or more syllables can be said to have word stress, and monosyllabic words can not be said to have word stress.

The root of word is the smallest meaningful unit of language.

Some languages have ways of referring to some entity, some languages don't.

A synchronic study of language is a historical study.

Aristotle suggested that thought was the soul's discourse with itself.

The superordinate term is more general in meaning than its hyponyms.

The meaning of a compound is the combination of the meanings of the words in the compound.

Both phonology and phonetics are studies of speech sounds.

The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.

Human capacity for language has a g________ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.

The major phonological change in the history of English known as the Great Vowel Shift involves seven long, or t________, vowels of Middle English.

If you say door, new, two, senior, zoo, you will notice that the first sounds in all these words are a________ sounds. The “t” and “s” are voiceless, and “d”, “n” and “z” are voiced. Only “n” is nasal.

At children's language development, one-word utterances can be used to express a concept or predication similar to a sentence in adult speech. For example, a child might use the word “dada” to mean “Dada, come here”, “more” to mean “Give me more candy”. Those utterances can also be called h________ sentences.

The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called s________ features.

A c________ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and”,“but”,“or”.

Words and phrases are organized according to the syntactic c________.

A simple s________ consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.

The two clauses in a complex sentence hold unequal status, one s________ the other.

Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences with infinite length, due to their r________ properties.

________ act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.

The two clauses in a ________ sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence.

The tone, defined as pitch variation, is an important suprasegmental feature of tone languages such as ________.

________ involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments.

________ is a typical tone language.

Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human ________.

The word “motel” is formed via word formation rule of ________.

When a ________ comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language, and children learn it as their first language, it becomes a creole.

In contrast with learning, ________ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.

________ can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language.