现代语言学2015年4月真题试题与答案解析（00830）

Explain the following definition of language:Language is a system of arbitrary symbols used for human communication.

acculturation

Explain the three acts a speaker might be performing when speaking according to John Austin's new model of speech act theory.

speech community

the Great Vowel Shift

lateralization

reference

context

combinational rule

tone

free morpheme

parole

In learning English as a second language, many actual errors, such as “goed” and “datas”, are attributable to negative transfer.

In general, the left hemisphere controls voluntary movement of, and responds to signals from, the left side of the body.

The Old English word “Engla-land” came to be pronounced “England” through the assimilation of “la-la” sounds.

Stating, believing, swearing and hypothesizing are among the most typical of the representatives.

Social variation of language is the most discernible and definable speech variation.

Traditionally, two major types of sentences are distinguished, namely, simple sentence and complex sentence.

Predication analysis is a way to analyze sentence meaning.

Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word and modify the meaning of the stem, but do not change the part of speech of the original word.

Tones can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.

At some point in the late part of the first year or the early part of the second year, the babbling stage gradually gives way to the earliest recognizable stage of language, often referred to as the o____ stage.

Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.

The history of English lexical expansion is one that is characterized with heavy b___ and word formation.

S____ variation in a person's speed, or writing, usually ranges on a continuum from casual to formal according to the type of communicative situation.

The notion that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently is called linguistic r_____ .

When X is a c____ , it is invariably false, for example, My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor.

Structurally, a sentence is an independent unit which usually contains a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. Normally a sentence consists of at least a subject and its p___ .

C____ analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning.

Phonetically, the s___ of a compound always falls on the first element.

A p___ is a phonetic unit. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning.

According to the view of language acquisition, children are believed to gradually assume correct forms of the language of their community when their “bad” speech gets corrected and when their good speech gets positively reinforced.

Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any a___ system of communication.

The following utterance “I eggs and eat and drink coffee breakfast” is most likely produced by a patient whose is damaged.

is a bilingual country where French and Flemish Dutch are recognized as official languages.

The following are the major topics of historical linguistics EXCEPT .

The branch of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language is called .

According to Paul Grice, the Cooperative Principle is nearly always observed but the maxims are often violated. Most of these violations give rise to .

The two words “horse” and “animal” are in the sense relation of .

When the obstruction created by the speech organ is complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a(n) .

In its history of development, English has dropped quite a few of its affixes; thus in terms of word endings, it is simpler than some other languages such as Russian, French, and German.

grammars attempt to tell what is in the language while grammars tell people what should be in the language.