现代语言学2012年1月真题试题与答案解析（00830）

One of the important missions of historical linguistics is to reconstruct the protolanguage. Please explain what the protolanguage is and how historical linguists reconstruct it.

The basic form of English negative prefix in- is [in-], as in inaccurate and insecure. In impossible, [n] is changed to match the place of articulation of its following stop [p]. In illiterate, [n] becomes identical to its following [1]. Which phonological rule does this example illustrate? Please define the rule and give one more example.

the critical period for language acquisition

situational dialects

negative transfer

selectional restrictions

clipping

illocutionary act

minimal pair

inflectional affixes

X-bar theory

arbitrariness

Children's grammar develops gradually until it becomes exactly the adult's grammar.

The standardization of a particular dialect such as standard English and Putonghua in relation to one or more vernaculars is not necessarily the result of a deliberate governmental policy, but of a historical and cultural tradition.

As language and thought may blend together as “verbal thought” and “inner speech,” we cannot think without language while we cannot speak without thinking.

Although language change is universal, inevitable, and sometimes vigorous, it is not an overnight occurrence, but a gradual and constant process, particularly the changes in the syntactic systems.

Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; and it is abstract and de-contextualized.

According to Searle's classification of illocutionary acts, to ask someone to pass a book is a directive, and to advise someone to watch less TV is not a directive.

The Adjacency Condition on Case assignment states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.

Modern linguistics, i.e., linguistic study carried out in the 20th century, is mostly prescriptive.

How a compound is written is simply a matter of convention, which should be respected as it always is.

In English classification of vowels, [α:] is a low back rounded vowel.

Whorf proposed that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on l_________.

In second language leaning, instrumental motivation occurs when the learner's goal is functional, and i_________ motivation occurs when the learner's goal is social.

In sociolinguistics, i_________ is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person's language.

Language change is largely a process of balancing between the simplification and the e_________ of rules, between the need to reduce memory burdens and the need to maintain communicative clarity.

Among the views concerning the study of meaning, contextualism holds that meaning can be derived from or reduced to observable c _________ in which language is used.

In predication analysis, a p _________is something said about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence.

Linguistic elements are arranged in a particular order to make a string of words not only meaningful but also l_________ -and hierarchically-structured.

Some morphemes are words such as help, table and room, which are independent units of meaning and can be used independently. They are called f_________ morphemes.

P __________ is a branch of linguistic study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication.

The consonant [p] is pronounced differently in the two words pit and spit. In the word pit, the sound [p] is a ______________ .

Apart from the genetic predisposition for language acquisition, language _________is necessary for successful language acquisition.

When we listen, the word is heard and comprehended via the _________ area.

________is a casual use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinages and figures of speech.

The sense relation between “flower” and “lily” is_______.

In the following dialogue, which maxim under CP is violated when the conversational implicature occurs?

—What did your sister buy in the Department Store?—She bought a red dress, she bought a green dress, and she bought a blue dress.

All the following words except ________ are the examples which can be used to illustrate semantic broadening.

The morpheme “-al” in the common word “literal” is a(n) _______.

In terms of manner of articulation, the English consonants [1] and [r] are classified as ________.

In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, __________.

Language users can send messages which no one else has ever sent before, which results from ________of language.