现代语言学自考2009年10月真题及答案解析

Describe the distinctive features of Black English in its syntactic system by using examples.

In some dialects of English, the word “ask” is pronounced [?ks], and children’s speech shows a number of cases of sound movement, for example, “aminal” for “animal”. Now explain sound movement by giving examples. State the difference between sound movement and sound addition by examples.

Broca’s area

euphemism

expressives

behaviourism as a semantic view

stylistic synonyms

major lexical category

free morpheme

synchronic study

sentence stress

competence

(　　　) One striking fact about the asymmetry between male and female terms in many languages is that when there are male/female pairs, the male form for the most part is unmarked and the female term is produced by adding a bound morpheme or by compounding.

(　　　) Research findings have shown that language processing centers are situated in a single area of the left hemisphere.

(　　　) The grammatical errors that occur in second language acquisition can all be explained by mother tongue interference.

(　　　) Another kind of change that can be thought of as “economy of memory” results in a reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. For example, children and adults are presently saying I dreamed last night (instead of dreamt). This kind of change has been called rule simplification.

(　　　) Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If X entails Y, the meaning of X is included in Y.

(　　　) Performatives are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state, and are not verifiable.

(　　　) The recursive properties of phrase structure rules enable these rules to generate an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length.

(　　　) The different stresses used in a compound do not usually affect the meaning of the compound.

If the target language functions as a foreign language, the learner is likely to benefit from an _i_____   motivation.

(　　　) Certain strings of phonemes are permissible and others are not. If a word begins with an/1/or/r/, the next segment must be a vowel. That is why / 1bIk/does not sound like an English word. It violates the restriction on the sequencing of phonemes.

(　　　) The arbitrary nature of language is absolute, i.e., there are no words in world languages that maintain a correspondence between form and sound.

Genie’s case not only confirms the critical period hypothesis, but also the view that human’s language   _a_____ device is independent of other intellectual abilities.

The method of _r_______ of a parent language from a comparison of its daughter languages is called the comparative method.

The avoidance of using _t________  language mirrors social attitude, emotions and value judgements.

The significance of Grice’s _C_____  Principle lies in that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey more than is literally said.

In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called _p______ , which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.

_I_______  morphemes are those morphemes that show various grammatical relations or categories such as number, tense and case.

Languages that use the pitch of individual syllables to contrast meanings are called _t____languages. Pitch variations can be used to distinguish meaning just like phonemes.

A _c______  sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.

By the time children are going beyond the ______ stage, they begin to incorporate some of the inflectional morphemes. (　　　)

Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve cells called ______.(　　　)

If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct” behavior, i.e., to tell people what they should say and what they should not, it is said to be _p____ .

______ dialects are characteristic of a particular type of linguistic activity and appropriate for use in particular speech situations. (　　　)

The illocutionary point of ______ has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this kind brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality. (　　　)

Old English had a rich case-ending system,e.g., Old English noun had four cases,i.e., nominative, genetive, dative and ______. (　　　)

A ______ category usually refers to a word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the subject or predicate in a sentence.(　　　)

In the following pairs of words, ______ are a pair of relational opposites. (　　　)

In word-formation, a ______ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.(　　　)

Saussure used ______ to refer to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. (　　　)

In English, a phoneme may be represented by two or more allophones. The choice of the allophone is ______. (　　　)