2012年7月全国自主考试英语阅读(一)真题及答案

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（63.The fortunate. people in the world ----the only really fortunate people in the. World in my mind are-----those whose work is also their pleasure.） （64.The class is not a large one,not nearly so large as it is often represented to be; and authors are perhaps one of the most important elements in its composition.） They enjoy in this respect at least a real harmony of life. （65.To my mind. to be able to make your work your pleasure is the one class distinction in the world worth

striving for,）And I do not wonder that others are inclined to envy those happy human beings who find their livelihood in the gay effusions of their fancy, to whom every hour of labour is an hour of enjoyment, to whom repose---- however necessary --- is a tiresome interlude, and even a holiday is most deprivation. （66.Whether a man writes well or ill. Has much to say or little, if he cares about writing at all, he will appreciate the pleasures of composition.）（67.To sit at one's table an a sunny morning, with four clear hours of uninterruptible security, plenty of nice white paper, and a Squeezer pen--- that is true happiness. ）The complete absorption of the mind upon an agreeable occupation--- what more is there than to desire? What does it matter what happens outside? The House of Commons may do what it likes, and so may the House of Lords. The heathen may rage furiously in every part of the globe.

(From' The Joys of Writing)

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According to the passage, where did the researchers obtain the DNA samples for the study?

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What's Eske Willerslev's reaction to the conclusion of the study?

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On the north side of Trafalgar, famous for its Admiral Nelson (Nelson's Column"), its fountains and its hordes of pigeons, there stands a long, low building in classic style. This is the National Gallery, which contains Britain's best-known 51.__ of pictures. The collection was begun in 1824, with the purchase of thirty-eight pictures that included Horgarth's satirical Marriage à la Mode" series, and Titian's *Venus and Adonis.

The National Gallery is rich in paintings by Italian masters such as Raphael, Correggio, and Veronese, and it contains pictures 52.__ of all European schools of art such as works by Rembrandt, Rubens, Van Dyck, Murillo, El Greco, and nineteenth century French masters. Many S3    . are especially attracted to Velasquez's Rokeby Venus" and Leonardo da Vinci's Virgin of the Rocks".

On 54.      .days, students and other young people are often to be seen having a sandwich lunch on the portico of the Gallery overlooking Trafalgar Square. Admission to the Gallery is free, as is the 55.___ with other British national galleries and museums, which are maintained by money voted by Parliament. Bequests of pictures have been made to the galleries, 56.____ on a generous scale, by private individuals.

Just behind the National Gallery 57.     . the National Portrait Gallery, in which the visitors can see portraits of British monarchs since the reign of Richards I(1377- 1399), and 58._ historical celebrities such as Chaucer, Shakespeare, and Cromwell. Many of the pictures are by well-known artists.

The National Gallery of British Art, better known as the Tate Gallery, was given to the nation by a rich sugar merchant, Sir Henry Tate, who had a taste for the fine arts. It overlooks the Thames, not far from the Houses of Parliament. English artists are 59.__ well represented here, and the Tate also has a range of modern works, 60.      .some sculptures, by foreign artists. This, of all the London galleries, is the young people's gallery. It has been stated that three-quarters of its visitors are under twenty-five.

(From London Art Gallery)

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(intense) After many hours of surgery and weeks of____ care, Jerry was released from the hospital with fragments of the bullets still in his body.

(break) Hitler's___ promises included an attack on Poland, which Britain and France were bound by treaty to defend.

(norm) Upbringing is_____ used to refer to the treatment and training of the child within the home.

(anxiety) The whole country was now so to return to normal conditions that it took little notice of events in Europe.

Efficient) Although examinations do the job quite , their side effects are also enormous.

(vary) I was impressed by the actors__ ways of dealing with death: sadness, humors, silence, etc.

(suggest) They will need specific for problems such as speech defects or backwardness in learning to walk or control of bodily functions.

(similar) The only is that we are all certificated when we are born and when we die, and we are recognized by a certification of birth and death.

(robber) Acting on inside information, the police were able to arrest the gang before the____ concurred.

(attention) He was talkative, but since he seemed inclined to talk about me I was prepared to be an listener.

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The most useful feature of the course is that_

It is difficult to live without a car in modern America. Cities and towns are built around the automobile. 31.___. Future communities, while still allowing residents to own and. operate cars if they so choose, must be centered not around vehicle traffic, but around foot traffic.

A common argument against cars is 32.__ are undesirable. While this is true, the automobile must be removed from urban planning not only due to pollution but also because of its unsustainable nature. Cars - - and the type of city that is planned around them use considerable resources and space that will not be available in the future. 33.__ Although it is possible for. alternative fuel sources to be developed, these will nonetheless require considerable energy use.

Furthermore, many resources are consumed in the production of cars. In a world with a constantly increasing population, the manufacture of new cars is not something that can be sustained and provided to all the people of the world. Not only does the production and operation of cars drain society, but the attitude associated with the automobile endangers the future. It is not advantageous for individuals to drive everywhere because, as the population increases, 34.   a drain on both time and resources that can be avoided with proper planning for the future.

Unfortunately, current urban plans require 35.__ Mass transit, for the most part, is hardly available to those outside of downtown areas. Even where it is available, mass transit is often limited in scope and does not provide a preferable alternative to automobiles. The desire to own cars and land accompanies this idea. This property craving is currently satiated via suburban sprawl and large houses. With burgeoning population, the inefficient land use based on the notion of property wealth needs to be discarded. 36.___ Communities of the future must be designed so that businesses and homes are built need to one another.

Of course, this is not possible with current cities. Most businesses are located in undesirable areas of cities. Moreover, suburban sprawl further demands that one uses a car. Suburban areas are spread out over large tracts of land; not only does this use up valuable farmland and natural areas, 37. _'_. For the most part, suburban communities function as places to sleep; residents work and play outside of where they live. In order to create sustainable communities for future generations, it is not enough to simply pursue ideas such as mass transit. Although mass transit is an important part of any city plan, it is an alternative that distracts from the immediate problem at hand: 38    .

Americans have a notion 39.__ . Downtown areas can be modified to lower crime and create a more attractive facade. In addition, new communities can be designed so that residential and commercial areas are zoned and built next to each other. With proper attention to building codes and planning, attractive houses and businesses can coexist. 40.__. In return, this will eliminate the need for automobile transportation. It is not enough, however, that people merely be able to work near where they live. Shopping areas - from grocery to clothing stores should be located near homes so that citizens do not have to travel long distances to run errands. Concurrent with this, entertainment facilities should be near homes and businesses so that an entire functioning and viable community can be within easy walking distance.

(From Communities for Future Generations in the US)

A.it will lead to incredible congestion within urban areas

B.'but people who live in suburbs are far removed from entertainment and shopping centers and must travel by car to these places

C. but it is a necessary one that must be made if the nation wishes to maintain its high standards of living

D.This is a design focus that must be avoided in the future

E. the fundamental need is to rethink how people live and what type of communities they live in

F. It will be difficult for urban planners to take these steps

G. Communities must be redesigned so that people can live and work in both close quarters and comfort

H. that they pollute the environment and thus

I. If this is done properly, people will in fact prefer to live in these communities for convenience and ease of commute

J. that they need to accumulate property wealth and this must be changed

K. that anyone who wishes to lead an active life must drive a car

L. Oil reserves are dwindling and will disappear within the next century

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Which of the following can best summarize the passage?

“Prioritize" in the third paragraph means "___ ".

The purpose of the stress management courses run by Jane Collard is_

Passage Six

Questions 26-30 are based on the following passage.

In Jane Collard's opinion, stress is becoming an increasingly common feature of the workplace. Stress is a highly individual reaction, which varies considerably from person to person, and it is difficult for some employees to avoid it. Indeed, stress is regarded by many as part of the organizational culture of our institution: it comes with the job. Recent figures indicate that time taken of work because of stress has increased by 50 percent since the 1950s. Undoubtedly, changes in working conditions have led to greater pressure at work at all levels. With educations in staffing, workloads for individual employees have increased. In addition, many employees are left worrying about the security of their jobs.

On the stress management courses that she runs, Jane Collard tries to make the trances realize that stress in itself is not harmful. Everyone needs a certain level of stress to enable them to feel motivated and to perform effective. A complete absence of stress can be as damaging as over stress since it can make people lose interest in their work, and even lead to depression. The difficulties occur when the amount of stress rises above a level which is. healthy for a particular individual. If this happens, the effects are very obvious and the trainees are taught to recognize the signs. Stress may be expressed physically, for example through headaches and tiredness, or through emotional problems such as depression. A person suffering from stress may also start to behave differently, and can be difficult to deal with.

While it may not always be possible to prevent stress, there are a number of ways in which it can be controlled. The first thing that the trainees learn is how to manage their time effectively. This involves, first of all, setting realistic goals for both the short and long terms. Once this framework has been established, tasks are then prioritized on a daily basis. The trainees are also reminded that when they are under pressure the less important items should be left, and they should never hesitate to delegate. Everyone is encouraged to look at ways of reducing wasted time", for example by grouping similar tasks together or dealing with items immediately.

Jane feels that one of the most useful features of the course is that it enables trainees to deal with those demands or deadlines that they regard as unreasonable. They are encouraged to avoid being defensive, but at the same time they are advised not to be afraid of saying no". They are asked to give reasons only if necessary. The training helps them to foresee difficult situations or unwanted demands, and they learn how to prepare themselves mentally. Everyone is encouraged not to get stuck in negative thought patterns, where stress can feed a circular sense of helplessness. One solution they discuss is to think of a more encouraging alternative for each negative message. They learn, for example, to remind themselves that nothing terrible happens when a demand is refused or a deadline missed. Life goes on.

Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?

It can be inferred from the last paragraph that__.

According to the text, Du Bois worked as all of the following EXCEPT__.

Passage Five

Questions 2I-25 are based on the, following passage.

Du Bois was a sociological and educational pioneer who challenged the established system of education that tended to restrict rather than to advance the progress of black Americans. He challenged what is called the Tuskegee machine of Booker T. Washington, the leading educational spokesperson of the blacks in the US. A sociologist and historian, Du Bois called for a more determined and activist leadership than Washington provided.

Unlike Washington, whose roots were in southern black agriculture, Du Bois's career spanned both sides of the Mason-Dixon Line. He was a native of Massachusetts, received his undergraduate education from Fisk. University in Nashville, did his graduate study at Harvard University, and directed the Atlanta University Studies of Black American Life in the South. Du Bois approached the problem of racial relations in the United States from two dimensions: as a scholarly researcher and as an activist for civil rights. Among his works was the famous empirical (经验主义的) sociological study, The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study, in which he examined that city's black population and made recommendations for the school system. Du Bois's Philadelphia study was the pioneer work on urban blacks in America.

Du Bois had a long and active career as a leader in the civil rights movement. He helped to organize the Niagara Movement in 1905, which led to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), established .in 1909. From 1910 until 1934, Du Bois edited The Crisis, the major journal of the NAACP. In terms of its educational policy, the NAACP position was that all American children and youth should have genuine equality of educational opportunity. This policy, which Du Bois helped to formulate, stressed the following themes: (1) public schooling should be free and compulsory for all American children; (2) secondary schooling should be provided for all youth; (3) higher education should not be monopolized by any special class or race.

It is Du Bois's belief that___.

The two deadly diseases, namely the Black Death and the Great Plague__.

It can be inferred from the passage that___.

According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?

Passage Four

Questions 16 to 20 are based on the flloning passage.

English people are less genetically diverse today than they were in the days of the Vikings, possibly due to two deadly diseases that swept their country centuries ago, a new study says.

The study compared DNA from ancient and modern Englanders and. Found that the country has a smaller gene pool than it did a thousand years ago.

The findings come in contrast to modern England's reputation as a cultural melting pot, where in many major cities you are as likely to hear Urdu from India or Yoruba from Nigeria being spoken on the streets as English.

Rus Hoelzel, a geneticist from the Britain's University of Durham, and his colleagues obtained DNA samples from the skeletal remains of 48 ancient Britons who lived between A.D.300 and 1000. The researchers studied the DNA, which was passed down from mothers to their children. By comparing the DNA with that of thousands of people from various ethnic backgrounds living in England today, they found that genetic diversity was greater in the ancient population. The team also compared the ancient DNA with samples from people living in continental Europe and the Middle East, and found a similar lack of genetic variety.

One possible explanation for this narrowing of diversity might be two major outbreaks of plague that swept England and much of Europe -- the Black Death (1347 1351) and the Great Plague (1665 66).

The Black Death epidemic is estimated to have killed as much as 50 percent of the population of Europe. Three centuries later, a fifth of the population of London died in the Great Plague. However, these diseases didn't kill randomly, Hoelzel explained. The plague killed some people while others remained resistant, he said.

Eske Willerslev, a specialist in ancient DNA from the University of Copenhagen, said he is surprised by the findings but agrees that the historic epidemics may explain the loss in diversity.

Since. the diseases, it appears that England hasn't been able to make up the loss to the gene pool, despite the high rate of immigration into the country over the past 200 years.

The modem England's reputation as a cultural melting pot (Para. 3) most probably mean     s.

The DNA comparison between modern and ancient English people reveals

In Paragraph 2, we learn that the sociologist regards medicine a__.

According to Paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT true?

The author of this passage is mainly concerned with_.

The word "Authorize" in Paragraph 2 means"___. ..

Passage Three

Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.

Every body gets sick. Disease and injury make us suffer throughout our lives, until finally some attack on the body brings our existence to an end. Fortunately, most of us in modem industrialized societies can take relatively good health for granted most of the time. In fact, we tend to fully realize the importance of good health only when we or those close to us become seriously ill. At such times we keenly appreciate the ancient truth that health is our most precious asset, one for which we might readily give up such rewards as power, wealth, or fame.

Because ill health is a universal problem, affecting the individual and society, the human response to sickness is always socially organized, No society leaves the responsibility for maintaining health and treating ill health entirely to the individual. Each society develops its own concepts of health and sickness and authorizes certain people to decide who is sick and how the sick should be treated. Around this focus there arises, over time, a number of standards, values, groups, statuses, and roles; in other words, an institution. To the sociologist, then, medicine is the institution concerned with the maintenance of health and treatment of disease.

In the simplest pre-industrial societies, medicine is usually an aspect of religion. The social arrangements for dealing with sickness are very elementary, often involving only two roles: the sick and the healer (治疗者). The latter is typically also the priest, who relies primarily on religious ceremonious, both to identify and to treat disease: for example, bones may be thrown to establish a cause; songs may be used to bring about a cure. In modern industrialized societies, on the other hand, the institution has become highly complicated and specialized,including dozens of roles such as those of brain surgeon, druggist, hospital administrator, linked with various organizations such as nursing homes, insurance companies, and medical schools. Medicine, in fact, has become the subject of intense sociological interest precisely because it is now one of the most pervasive and costly institutions of modern society.

Which of the following statements is true according to Paragraph 1?

After a lot of physical exercise, 。

A simple strategy to sleep better is to_.

According to the passage, being unable to sleep .

Methods of getting enough sleep__.

Passage Two

Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.

Sleep plays a major role in preparing the body for an alert and productive tomorrow. But sleep is not a period of inactivity. The sleeping brain is highly active at various times during the night, performing numerous house keeping tasks". These keep us alive and aid our ability to think and remember. Sleep also energizes the body and brain. Most people spend one-third of their lives sleeping and this will affect the other two-thirds in terms of alertness, energy, moods, body weight, perception, memory, thinking, reaction time, productivity and performance.

To limit sleep means our health and daytime potential are significantly reduced. So, good sleep strategies are essential in order to feel energized day after day. There is no strategy which works for everyone, so each person needs to experiment. One important thing is that you shouldn't worry too much if you go a few nights without a lot of sleep. It won't ruin your life. On any given night, one in four people can't sleep properly and everyone suffers from a lack of sleep at some time.

How does one minimize this problem? It is really quite simple. The first thing you must do is to reduce stress as much as possible. Stress is part of everyday life and, while we can never be entirely without stress, it can be managed. This means taking control! of your life and focusing on what is important. One sleeping strategy is to sit in a comfortable position, close your eyes and relax all your muscles, breathing easily through your nose. Continue this for ten to twenty minutes. This should help you reduce stress and sleep better. Or, you can try getting plenty of exercise, because a tired body is likely to sleep better.

Which of the following can best summarize the passage?

Egyptians have grown crops well .

In the valley of the Nile .

The Nile is a highway for the people of Egypt" means .

Passage One

Questions I to 5 are based on the following passage.

    The Nile made Egypt's civilization possible. The river is more than 400 miles long. In its fertile valley crops are grown for food and cotton for clothing. Mud from the river bottom makes good bricks for houses. Thus ways of getting food, clothing and shelter were close for the Egyptians.

The Nile is a highway for the people of Egypt. Flat bottomed boats and large narrow barges carry products from one city to another. There are also passenger boats on the Nile, carrying people up and down the river. In ancient times huge blocks of stones were floated down the river on barges. These stones are used in making buildings and monuments.

For thousands of years the Egyptians have depended on the Nile for their crops. The land on both sides of the Nile is desert, where crops cannot be raised. But crops grow well in the Nile Valley. In fact, several different crops are often grown on the same land during the same year.

Once the Nile flooded each year, overflowed its banks, and carried rich soil in land every summer. These floods were caused by early summer rains.