现代语言学2013年10月真题试题与答案解析（00830）

One specific aspect of situational use of language is that of address term usage. Please explain what an address term refers to, what social factors addressers have to consider in choosing a suitable address term, and use examples to illustrate the frequently used address terms in English language.

Broca’s area

Draw a tree diagram of constituent structure for each of the following two sentences.

(1) A boy found the book.

(2) The guide suggested the tourists take a rest.

Acculturation

speech community

back-formation

argument

representatives

syntax

vowels

root

diachronic study

In view of language as an effective means of communication, no single dialect of a language, be it standard or nonstandard, is any more logical, or any more purer than any other dialect of the language.

The right ear advantage in dichotic listening research provides evidence in support of the view that language functions are lateralized primarily in the left hemisphere of the brain.

Children who grow up in cultures where caretaker speech is absent acquire their native language more slowly than children who are exposed to caretaker speech.

According to John Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts, speech acts fall into five general categories, which are representatives, directives, commissives, expressives and declaratives.

Blending is a process of word formation, in which a new word is formed by combining parts of other words, for example, smog, e-mail, motel, hi-fi.

The pair of words, “husband” and “wife,” are complementary antonyms.

Sentence is usually conceived as the largest unit of grammar. Normally, a sentence contains at least a subject and a finite verb or a verb phrase as its predicate.

Compounds have different stress patterns from non-compounded word sequences. In general, the stress of a compound always falls on the second word, while the first word receives secondary stress.

According to Stephen Krashen, a_____ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.

There are two ways now available to transcribe speech sounds: broad transcription and narrow transcription, of which the really required and used by popular textbook and dictionary writers is the latter.

Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. In linguistic evolution, however, speech is prior to writing, therefore, the spoken language rather than the written should be given priority in modern linguistics.

In general, brain damage or blood-clotting in one hemisphere may be accompanied by paralysis of the limbs on the o_____ side of the body.

In sociolinguistic studies, a pidginized dialect may expand and eventually become the native language of a certain population, which is known as c____ .

In an a______ process, successive sounds are made identical, or more similar, to one another in terms of place or manner of articulation, or of haplology.

If we say “The baby is crying,” we must be talking about a certain baby crying in a certain situation; the word “baby” means a baby known to both the speaker and the hearer, which is the r______ of the word “baby” in this particular situation.

You can say “I swear he is the liar,” “I believe he is the liar,” or “I guess he is the liar.” All these utterances share the same i____ point of saying something the speaker believes to be true, but they obviously differ in the force of their statement.

The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called s______ features, which are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence.

D_____ affixes are added to an existing form to create a word. This is a very common way to create new words in English.

A c_____ sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.

Which of the following mental functions is NOT under the control of the right hemisphere in most people?

Cultural t_____ refers to the fact that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker, and they are not simply biologically passed on from generation to generation.

Which of the following choices CANNOT be considered as individual learner factors affecting the acquisition of a second language?

A typical example of a _______ community is an ethnic ghetto where most, if not all, of its inhabitants are either immigrants or children of immigrants.

_______, vowels tend to be nasalized before nasal consonants because it is difficult to time the lowering of the velum to produce nasality with the consonant articulation.

Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.

Speaker A: I’m out of petrol.Speaker B: There’s a garage round the corner.Speaker B is violating the maxim of _______.

A speaker’s knowledge of his/her native language which is internalized in the mind of the speaker is not a complete list of words and phrases, but _______ of grammatical knowledge.

According to Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by.

Vowels can be classified in terms of each of the following ways except _______.

There are _______ morphemes in the word “frightening.”