全国自考现代语言学模拟试卷(5)

What are the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle? Please give examples to show how the flouting of these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature (Give at least two examples, each flouting a different maxim).

hierarchical structure

Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.

the critical period hypothesis

euphemism

idiolect

Broca's area

internal borrowing

displacement

synonymy

diphthong

Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive, but sometimes prescriptive .

cooperative principle

Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and sentence stress.

The process of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community is called acculturation.

When language users use it to convey information, thoughts and feelings from one person to another or as an attempt to control each other's behavior, we think that language is now functioning as a means of intrapersonal communication.

One striking fact about the asymmetry between male and female terms in many languages is that when there are male/female pairs, the male form for the most part is unmarked and the female term is produced by adding a bound morpheme or by compounding.

According to the “principles-and-parameters” theory, “principles” refer to highly abstract properties of grammar which are applied to language in general and which generate phrases and at the same time restrain the power of Move α, while “parameters” allow general principles to operate in certain restricted ways, according to which particular grammars of natural languages vary.

Instruction and correction are key factors in child language development.

In English and many other languages, the subject usually follows the verb and the direct object usually precedes the verb.

Language acquisition is mainly the acquisition of the grammatical system of language.

For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious i________ on the part of adults.

SLA is also used as a general term to refer to the acquisition of a foreign or subsequent language (such as third or fourth language).

According to s________ ,speech acts fall into five general categories, i. e., there are five general types of things we do with language.

D________ in Searle's classification of illocutionary acts refer to the attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do something by means of inviting, suggesting, requesting, advising, warning, threatening, etc.

C________ speech refers to the simple, modified speech used by parents, baby-sitters, etc. when they talk to young children who are acquiring their native language.

The two (or possibly more) groups use their native languages as a basis for a rudimentary language of few lexical items and “straightforward” grammatical rules. Such a marginal language is called p________.

In the structuralist approach to linguistic study, the researchers analyze sentences by following a particular h________ order.

In the historical development of language, sound change is inevitable, such as sound loss, sound a ________ and sound movement.

Phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the l________ , generate sentences at the level of D-structure.

IPA stands for International Phonetic A________.

The important characteristic of a speech community is that the members of the group must, in some reasonable way, interact ________ with other members of the community.

The method of r________ of a parent language from a comparison of its daughter languages is called the comparative method.

The view that human brain is the source of human language and cognition goes back ________.

Where the target language functions as a foreign language as learned in such a limited environment as in school, the learner is likely to benefit from an ________ motivation.

By the time children are going beyond the ________ stage, they begin to incorporate some of the inflectional morphemes.

There is a gradation of ________ ranging along a continuum between two extremes of very formal and very informal.

Language disorder resulting from a damage to ________ in the brain reveals word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax.

Different functional speech varieties known as ________ are expected in, say, a church sermon,a diplomatic encounter, a family dinner, or a sports broadcast.

If the meaning of sentence X is included in that of sentence Y, we say sentence X ________ sentence Y.

Design features refer to the defining properties of ________ that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.

Those that affect the syntactic category and the meaning of the root as well are ________.